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Abstract
Background Previous research has shown a correlation between physician job satisfaction and patient satisfaction with quality of care, but the connection between job satisfaction of other primary care team members and patient satisfaction is yet unclear.
Objective To evaluate whether there is an association between patient satisfaction and job satisfaction of the members of patient care teams.
Design The study was based on data from the European Practice Assessment and used an observational design.
Setting 676 primary care practices in Germany.
Participants 47 168 patients, 676 general practitioners (practice principals), 305 physician colleagues (trainees and permanently employed physicians) and 3011 non-physician practice members (nurses, secretaries).
Main outcome measures Patient evaluation was measured using the 23-item EUROPEP questionnaire. Job satisfaction was measured using the 10-item Warr–Cook–Wall job satisfaction scale and further items relating to practice structure. Bivariate correlations were applied in which factors of patient satisfaction and practice structure were compared with physicians and non-physicians satisfaction.
Results Patient satisfaction correlates positively with the general job satisfaction of the non-physician (r=0.25, p<0.01) and no significant correlation was found for the general job satisfaction of practice principals and physician colleagues. Patients' satisfaction with the practice organisation correlates positively with the general job satisfaction of the non-physicians (r=0.30, p<0.01) and their view of practice structure (r=0.29, p<0.01).
Conclusions The correlation between non-physician team member satisfaction and patient satisfaction was higher than the correlation between satisfaction of physicians and patients. Patients seem to be sensitive to aspects of practice structure.
- General practice
- job satisfaction
- patient satisfaction
- health services research
- healthcare quality
- human factors
- teams
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- General practice
- job satisfaction
- patient satisfaction
- health services research
- healthcare quality
- human factors
- teams
Introduction
An important issue in healthcare is the relation between job satisfaction of primary care team members and patient satisfaction. Traditional job satisfaction relates to the feeling an individual has about his/her job. It is distinguished between intrinsic (recognition, work itself or responsibility) and extrinsic factors (working condition, company policy or salary) which have an influence of job satisfaction.1 General practitioners as well as non-physician members are generally satisfied with their work.2
In addition, patient satisfaction consists of a combination of patients' expectations regarding healthcare providers and actual experiences.3 It has been observed that patients are highly satisfied with their care.4 Patient satisfaction with care and job satisfaction among healthcare providers are being recognised as an important dimension within quality of care.
It has been shown that physicians' job satisfaction is associated with patients' satisfaction.5 Moreover, there is a relation between nurses' job dissatisfaction and patients' satisfaction with the quality of their care in hospitals.6 In general, patients' perspective on their care is highly associated with non-physician and physician factors, a first overview is given in Laurant et al7 Furthermore, the working condition of physicians and non-physicians have an important impact on the quality of care.8 In particular, a higher workload is associated with lower performance at primary care practices.9 It is remarkable that there is a lack of research about the influence of physician and non-physician satisfaction on patient evaluations of quality of services in general practice at the moment.
The aim of the study was to explore any link between the satisfaction of the physician and non-physician practice members and patient satisfaction. Non-physician practice members are defined here as practice nurses, practice managers or secretaries/administrators. Physician and non-physician practice member satisfaction was seen as the independent variable which might influence patient satisfaction. Three research questions were tested: First, is there an association between non-physicians' satisfaction and patient satisfaction? Second, is the influence of non-physicians satisfaction on patient satisfaction higher than the influence of physician satisfaction on patient satisfaction? Third, does workload affect patient and non-physician satisfaction similarly?
Methods
Design and study population
Since 2005, participation in quality management activities is mandatory in Germany according to the Social Code Book V. General practices can choose from different quality management programmes and options. One of them is the European Practice Assessment (EPA) instrument which was developed and validated by an international collaboration of researchers and practitioners from nine countries between 2001 and 2004.10 11 It consists of a set of validated quality indicators for external and self-assessment, a patient survey, a staff job satisfaction survey, an outreach visit by a trained visitor, a team-meeting and a comparison with other practices. All activities aim to motivate practices to improve their management and services for their patients.
This study comprised of 679 primary care practices in Germany which had volunteered to participate. None of the 32 pilot practices from the pilot study or from 25 additional early implementers in Germany are included in this sample because they were considered as ‘pioneers’.12 All practices had to contribute with an amount of approximately €1.75 000, on average, covering the costs for all materials and surveys including feedback and the practice visit. Data collection took place between May 2004 and September 2007.
In each practice patients were asked consecutively to complete the EUROPEP questionnaire in the waiting room, put it in an envelope and place it in a sealed box. Patient participation in the study was voluntary and anonymous. Patients were informed orally and on the header of the forms that the aim of the study was to improve management of the practice and its services and staff and that they could refuse participation for any reason. Exclusion criteria included those under 18 years and anyone unable to read and/or understand the German language or unable to answer written questions without support. The sealed box was forwarded directly to the research team.
To measure job satisfaction all team members (physicians and non-physicians) completed the staff questionnaire during their working hours. They returned it individually to the research team in a pre-paid envelope.
Ethics
An ethical approval was not necessary. Our study used data from the routine implementation of quality management in ambulatory care in Germany, according to the social code book V and the directives on quality management of the Federal Joint Committee. The questionnaires were completed anonymously. No additional information or data from patients or staff were requested to perform this study.
Measures
To measure the patient satisfaction with quality of care and the job satisfaction of the team members two questionnaires were used, which are part of the EPA.10 Patient satisfaction was measured by the EUROPEP questionnaire.13 It is an established and internationally validated instrument reflecting a set of indicators for patients to evaluate the quality of primary care. The instrument consists of 23 items; 5-point Likert Scale was used (‘poor’ to ‘excellent’). Additionally, two further items of the EPA-questionnaire are integrated which ask about ‘the intention not to change the practice’ and ‘the willingness to recommend the practice for friends’; also 5-point Likert Scale was used (‘fully disagree’ to ‘fully agree’).
Job satisfaction was measured by the German version of the Warr–Cook–Wall job satisfaction scale developed by Warr et al.14 The instrument consists of 10 items; 7-point Likert Scale was used (‘extreme dissatisfaction’ to ‘extreme satisfaction’). Each team member completed the same questionnaire. The non-physician staff were further asked about their estimation of the practice organisation with four items; 5-point Likert scale were used (‘fully disagree’ to ‘fully agree’). The items asked about the responsibility of the staff members, the general work atmosphere within the team, offering suggestions for improvement and the proposals for improvement were taken seriously. Each participating practice met the criteria of at least one physician, one team-member and more than 50 completed patients–questionnaires. A further variable, which might contribute to the job and patient satisfaction, is workload. Within the EPA information on the number of patients with at least one contact per quarter of a year (which is a common denominator in countries without a patient list system)15 and on the number of team members is routinely collected.
Data analysis
The data were analysed by SPSS 18.0 (SPSS Inc.). The 23 items of EUROPEP-questionnaire were summarised by exploratory factor analysis with principal axis factor analysis (principal component method) and a number of factors were determined by the scree test and number of eigen values >1. The solution was rotated using the varimax rotation. The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin measure of sampling adequacy was reported (table 1). Two factors were extracted (factor I ‘evaluation of the physician’ and factor II ‘evaluation of the organisation of the practice/team’) with explained variance of R2=60.06%. Additionally, the items ‘the intention not to change the practice’ and ‘the willingness to recommend the practice for friends’ were summarised by mean and accumulated the factor III (‘intention not to change the practice’). All three factors were aggregated by mean of practice level.
Mean scores (95% CI) and rotated factor loading* with Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin measure for each of the 23 items of the EUROPEP questionnaire by patients
The WCW job satisfaction items were compared between the three groups of practice staff (physician, practice colleague, non-physician staff) by using ANOVA; mean and corresponding 95% CIs were presented. Furthermore, we used the False Discovery Rate, a correction technique for multiple testing.16 17
The measurement of job satisfaction using the WCW job satisfaction scale revealed a different number of factors (one to two factors) by factor-analytical extraction in the three groups (physician, practice colleague, nurse) with explained variance between R2=48.58% and 59.39%. For this reason, the mean of all items of the WCW job satisfaction scale were used to getting an overall evaluation of job satisfaction. Therefore, we had one item which explained the general job satisfaction of the three participating groups. This item—the general job satisfaction—was aggregated up to the practice level. Accordingly, the sample size for the correlation analysis was n=676.
Furthermore, the four items which asked about the evaluation of the practice organisation in the view of the non-physicians were summarised by mean and accumulated a new item which is called ‘practice structure in the view of non-physicians’.
For each group—practice principals, practice colleagues and non-physicians—the data of job satisfaction, practice structure, quarterly contact group, etc were correlated by the three factors of patient satisfaction (‘evaluation of the physician’; ‘evaluation of the organisation of the practice/team’ and ‘intention not to change the practice’) by using bivariate correlation. An α level of p≤0.05 was used for tests of statistical significance. However, as this was an exploratory analysis, p values should be interpreted carefully.
Results
Data were collected from 47 168 patients, 676 GP principals, 305 physician colleagues and 3011 non-physician practice members. The participating practices are representative for primary care in Germany concerning the number of single-handed practices, location, the full time equivalent or the number of physicians per practice. The descriptive data of practices and participants are presented in box 1 and table 2.
Characteristics of the practices (n=676)
Characteristics
Mode of practice: Single handed: 47.1%
Location: Urban: 47.3%
Practice size (mean (SD)) in m2: 149.07 (61.03)
Number of team members (without physicians) (mean (SD)): 4.41 (2.03)
Full Time Equivalent (Staff without physicians) (mean (SD)): 2.71 (1.44)
Number of physicians per practice (mean (SD)): 1.52 (0.75)
Quarterly contact group (mean (SD)): 1446.67 (649.81)
Percentage of patients with disease of longer than 3 months: 48.6%
Characteristics of the participants
Out of the 50 700 patient questionnaires handed out, 47 168 were returned, giving a response rate of 93.0%. For the questionnaires for practice principals on job satisfaction the response rate was 100.0% (for principals) and for practice colleagues was 93.2% (305 out of 327). For the non-physicians it was 90.2% (3011 of 3337), respectively.
83.7% of all patients chose options ‘4’ and ‘5’ on the 5-point-scale (‘poor’ to ‘excellent’) in the EUROPEP questions. Table 1 includes the descriptive data of the EUROPEP questionnaire.
The random effect of the practices was very small and thus neglected. The variance between practices is too small in relation to the overall variance (f-value of 0.152). Job satisfaction by physicians and within practice teams were generally high. The descriptive data of WCW job satisfaction scale and the level of significance by using False Discovery Rate for all participants—physician, physician colleagues and nurse is presented in table 3. Mainly differences are shown in the items ‘hours of work’ and ‘income’ regarding the comparison of the three participants.
Mean scores (95% CI) of practice staff for each of the 10 items on the Warr–Cook–Wall job satisfaction scale*
In summary, the principal physician rated the job satisfaction with mean=5.32 (SD=0.93) on the 7-point-Likert scale (‘extreme dissatisfaction’ to ‘extreme satisfaction’). The physicians colleagues reached mean=5.45 (SD=0.89) and the non-physicians reached a value of mean=5.71 (SD=0.91).
According to our three research questions, table 4 shows the correlation between the three factors of patient satisfaction and items of the practice principals, practice colleagues and non-physicians. Factor I (‘evaluation of the physician’) reached a mean value of mean=4.17 (SD=0.21), factor II (‘evaluation of the organisation of the practice/team’) reached a value of mean=4.09 (SD=0.27) and factor III (‘intention not to change the practice’) reached a value of mean=4.34 (SD=0.26). Table 4 presents a description of relationships between factors of patient satisfaction and satisfaction of professionals.
Bivariate correlation of different aspects of satisfaction by three factors of patient satisfaction
Association between non-physicians' satisfaction and patient' satisfaction
The correlation between non-physician team members' satisfaction and patient satisfaction was significantly positive. They ranged between r=0.15 (p<0.001) and r=0.309 (p<0.001). High job satisfaction by non-physicians was associated with high patient satisfaction. This positive correlation relates to the factor I (‘evaluation of the physician’) (r=0.259), factor II (‘evaluation of the organisation of the practice/team’) (r=0.309) and factor III (‘intention not to change the practice’) (r=0.151).
Influence of non-physicians' and physicians' satisfaction on patient satisfaction
The practice structure according to non-physicians was statistically significant in all three factors of patient satisfaction. The correlations ranged between r=0.13 (p<0.001) and r=0.29 (p<0.001). Non-physicians satisfaction with practice structure affects the patients perception of the physicians (factor I) (r=0.241). Even ‘the intention to change the practice’ (factor III) correlates with the satisfaction of the non-physicians (r=0.139).
The number of significant results between patient and physician satisfaction were lower. Only one correlation between patients' satisfaction and satisfaction of the physician colleagues was statistically significant (factor II, r=0.17). No significant correlation was found between patients' satisfaction and the job satisfaction of the practice principal.
Impact of workload on patients' and non-physicians' satisfaction
The relationship between patient satisfaction and the ratio of quarterly contact group/team members as an indicator for workload show ambiguous results: The ratio is not significantly correlated with patient satisfaction (r=0.078 to 0.10). But the number of patients with at least one contact per quarter of a year (as a proxi for practice size and workload) on its own seems to affect the satisfaction of patients; factor II (‘evaluation of the organisation of the practice/team’) correlates with the number of patients (r=−0.358, p<0.001) and with the ratio of quarterly contact group/number of team members (r=0.022). If we control the influence of the number of team members, we find other significant correlations: The number of team members correlates negatively with all factors of patient satisfaction (r=−0.116 to r=−0.399).
Even if we control the correlation between number of non-physicians and patient satisfaction, we find negative correlations in all three factors: The more team members there are, the lower the satisfaction, independent of the number of patients per staff member.
Discussion
This is the first study which focuses on the correlation between patient satisfaction measured using EUROPEP and job satisfaction of physician and non-physician team members measured using the WCW job satisfaction scale.
Our first question referred to whether there is an association between non-physicians' job satisfaction and patients' satisfaction. The results show that patient satisfaction is highly associated with the satisfaction of the non-physicians. Comparing job satisfaction and patient satisfaction shows that both measures assess similar aspects of the primary care practices. Remarkably, in the measurement of patient satisfaction, the variability of the patient data is sufficient to reveal positive correlations with the satisfaction of the non-physicians. The results are concordant with other studies which also have evaluated the influence of nurses' satisfaction and working condition on patient satisfaction.6 18 Our second research question refers to the influence of non-physicians' and physicians' satisfaction on patient satisfaction. However, the correlation between the job satisfaction of the physician and patient satisfaction is lower and not significant. Interestingly, the job satisfaction of the non-physicians seems to be more associated with patient satisfaction than physician satisfaction. Healthcare services are mainly provided by physicians and they are able to set boundaries regarding to opportunities of patient care. Sometimes patients have a high claim to physicians care. Therefore, the correlation between non-physician team members' satisfaction and patient satisfaction was significantly more positive than the job satisfaction of the physician. The third question examines whether there is an association between workload of the practice and patients' and non-physicians' satisfaction. Patients as well as non-physicians seem to be sensitive to practice characteristics, such as practice size.
Our data do not enable us to say what causes the significant correlation between non-physician job satisfaction and patient satisfaction. It is possible that dissatisfied patients can affect the satisfaction of non-physician members more than the satisfaction of the physician, or conversely a dissatisfied team could affect the satisfaction of the patients. In addition, both patient and non-physician member satisfaction could be influenced by common causes; for example, the number of patients visiting a practice affects both types of satisfaction: The more patients a practice has, the lower the satisfaction of the non-physician members and the lower the satisfaction of the patients. It seems that physician team members and patients prefer to work in practices with lower number of patients. This assumption is identical to Wensing et al.19 Contrary to other results we did not find a correlation between workload and patient satisfaction.3 However, it was already shown that physician's workload depends closely on practice size.20 Surprisingly, in the literature, it could not be explored whether full-time physicians are more dissatisfied with their work than part time physicians.21 Nevertheless, it might be possible that the more people work in the practice (full-time equivalent) the lower the satisfaction of the non-physician members and the lower the satisfaction of the patients. Further research should clarify this.
Obviously, the study had strengths and weaknesses. Our sample may not be representative for all primary care practices in Germany because we only involved practices which were willing to participate in the quality management system, which expects practices to participate in benchmarking. A strong aspect was the availability of large numbers of data on German primary care practices including data from patients and staff. We used internationally validated measures for the evaluation of job satisfaction by physicians and non-physicians and of patient satisfaction. In addition, this was an exploratory study; p values should be interpreted carefully. Significant results might be due to chance and will need to be confirmed in further targeted studies.
The results demonstrate that satisfaction of non-physicians has a larger impact on patients' evaluation on quality of care more than the satisfaction of the physicians. The correlation between non-physician team member satisfaction and patient satisfaction was higher than the correlation between satisfaction of physicians and patients. This study provides research evidence to support health policy to optimise the working conditions of non-physicians and physicians which are a crucial aspect of patients' evaluation on the quality of care.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the participating practices and their staff for participating in the EPA quality management programme. The authors would also like to give thanks to M Brodowski, S Willms, M Lambarki, A Klingenberg and P Wippenbeck from the EPA management team at the AQUA-Institute.
References
Footnotes
Funding University of Heidelberg.
Competing interests Bjoern Broge is employed by the AQUA-Institute which disseminates EPA in Germany. Joachim Szecsenyi is its director and a stockholder.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.