Table 1

 How organisations process information

PathologicalBureaucraticGenerative
Power oriented Rule oriented Performance oriented
Low cooperationModest cooperationHigh cooperation
Messengers shotMessengers neglectedMessengers trained
Responsibilities shirkedNarrow responsibilitiesRisks are shared
Bridging discouragedBridging toleratedBridging encouraged
Failure→scapegoatingFailure→ justiceFailure→ inquiry
Novelty crushedNovelty→ problemsNovelty implemented