Study | Target healthcare-associated infections | Interventions | Results | Ambiguity type |
Berenholtz et al44 | Ventilator-associated pneumonia | Educational sheet for nurses | Percentage of ventilator days during which patients received all the care required by the ventilator-associated pneumonia bundle increased significantly | Expectation |
In-services for nurses | ||||
Instruction to residents and fellows during daily lectures | ||||
A standardised checklist (daily goals form) to ensure that physicians wrote the orders required by the ventilator-associated pneumonia bundle | Task | |||
Cocanour et al48 | Ventilator-associated pneumonia | Real-time feedback to intensive-care unit staff on compliance with the ventilator-associated pneumonia bundle | Ventilator-associated pneumonia rate decreased significantly | Expectation |
Helman et al46 | Ventilator-associated pneumonia | Standardised order addressing the head of the bed greater than 30° guideline | Compliance improved significantly | Task |
An organised nurse and physician education programme | Compliance improved significantly | Expectation | ||
Berenholtz et al45 | Central venous catheter-related bloodstream infections | Web-based training module for physicians | Central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection rates decreased significantly | Expectation |
Lectures for nurses and physicians | ||||
Central venous catheter insertion cart | Method | |||
An item about whether any lines could be removed was added to the daily goals form | Task | |||
Nurses were empowered to stop procedures if guidelines were not followed. | Responsibility | |||
Shannon et al49 | Central venous catheter-related bloodstream infections | Each infection occurrence examined to its root cause as close as possible to receipt of a positive laboratory test value | Central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection rates decreased significantly | Expectation |
Multidisciplinary training exercise to trainees using patient simulators | ||||
Wall et al47 | Central venous catheter-related bloodstream infections | Real-time feedback to ICU staff on compliance | Central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection rates decreased significantly | Expectation |
Vogelzang et al50 | Surgical site infections | Computerised decision support system for supporting the tight glucose control guideline | Compliance significantly improved | Method |
Goetz et al51 | Catheter-associated urinary tract infections | Feedback of unit level catheter-associated urinary tract infection rates to nursing staff | Catheter-associated urinary-tract infection rates decreased significantly | Expectation |
ICU, intensive care unit.