Managerial and medical cultures: points of divergence.
| Managerial | Medical | |
| Structure: | Bureaucratic | Collegial |
| Group loyalty: | Low | High |
| Job security: | Low/medium | High |
| Disciplinary base: | Social sciences | Natural sciences |
| Evidence base: | Case studies on organisations | Clinical studies on patients |
| Focus: | Patients as groups | Patients as individuals |
| Skills: | Managerial/human relations | Biomedical/technical |
| Allegiance: | Organisation/corporate goals | Patient/professional |
| Discretion: | Low (rules/procedures) | High (clinical freedom) |
| Success measure: | Efficiency | Effectiveness |
| Quality emphasis: | Consumer rated quality | Technical quality |
| Performance review: | Public | Confidential |
| Professional status: | Emerging | Established |
| Social status: | Medium | High |
| Public trust: | Low | High (but vulnerable) |