Baseline characteristics of included studies
| Characteristic | n |
|---|---|
| Study design | |
| Controlled trials | 2 |
| Before–after studies | 18 |
| Case reports | 10 |
| Time series | 7 |
| Interrupted time series | 1 |
| Qualitative | 1 |
| Population | |
| Residents only | 27 |
| Medical students only | 3 |
| Fellows only | 3 |
| Residents and fellows | 3 |
| Medical students and residents | 2 |
| Medical students, residents and fellows | 1 |
| Specialty | |
| Internal medicine | 10 |
| Family medicine | 7 |
| Psychiatry | 4 |
| Paediatrics | 3 |
| Critical care | 2 |
| Surgery | 2 |
| Neonatology | 1 |
| Preventive medicine | 1 |
| Radiology | 1 |
| Various specialties | 5 |
| Medical schools | 3 |
| Clinical setting | |
| Outpatient | |
| Primary care | 15 |
| Psychiatry | 2 |
| Paediatrics | 1 |
| Inpatient | |
| General medical unit | 2 |
| Adult intensive care unit | 2 |
| Neonatal intensive care unit | 1 |
| Paediatric emergency department | 1 |
| Radiology | 1 |