Table 2

Effect of interventions on proportion of medication doses administered with error reported by studies using direct observation methods*

First author (year)	Interventions	Pre-intervention % of doses with error	Post-intervention		Statistical significance
First author (year)	Interventions	Pre-intervention % of doses with error	Measurement timing†	% of doses with error	Statistical significance
Kliger (2012)34	Various‡	16.6	Immediately post	3.6	p<0.01
Kliger (2012)34	Various‡	16.6	12 months	2.0	p<0.01
Nguyen (2010)36	Signs, diversion strategies	2.0	6 months	0	–
Nguyen (2010)36	Signs, diversion strategies	2.0	12 months	0	–
Kliger (2009)33	Various‡	14.6	6 months	8.2	p<0.05
Kliger (2009)33	Various‡	14.6	18 months	4.2	p<0.05

*All three studies were related to the same project, the ‘Integrated Nurse Leadership Program’.
†Post-intervention measurement timing refers to how long after intervention implementation measurement occurred.
‡Multiple interventions were designed and implemented (only some of which targeted interruptions) on each ward individually and were not reported in detail in the publications.