Adjusted OR | 95% CI | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Patient characteristic | |||
Age group (years) | |||
1–10 | 0.15 | 0.07 to 0.31 | <0.001 |
11–17 | 0.19 | 0.10 to 0.39 | <0.001 |
18–44 | 0.52 | 0.44 to 0.62 | <0.001 |
45–64 | 0.61 | 0.54 to 0.69 | <0.001 |
65–74 | 0.77 | 0.68 to 0.87 | <0.001 |
75–84 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
≥85 | 1.12 | 1.00 to 1.26 | 0.05 |
Female sex | 1.28 | 1.18 to 1.40 | <0.001 |
Admission type | |||
Medical | 2.30 | 2.01 to 2.64 | <0.001 |
Obstetrical | 0.04 | 0.015 to 0.091 | <0.001 |
Surgical | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Other | 2.52 | 1.29 to 4.92 | 0.007 |
Elective admission | 0.55 | 0.46 to 0.65 | <0.001 |
Infection as most responsible diagnosis | 0.90 | 0.78 to 1.02 | 0.10 |
Previous diagnoses | |||
Myocardial infarction | 0.85 | 0.72 to 1.01 | 0.06 |
Congestive heart failure | 1.41 | 1.24 to 1.59 | <0.001 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 2.11 | 1.72 to 2.58 | <0.001 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 0.93 | 0.77 to 1.12 | 0.42 |
Dementia | 1.39 | 1.20 to 1.60 | <0.001 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1.17 | 1.03 to 1.33 | 0.014 |
Rheumatological disease | 1.55 | 1.10 to 2.18 | 0.012 |
Peptic ulcer disease | 2.05 | 1.57 to 2.68 | <0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 1.03 | 0.93 to 1.14 | 0.57 |
Hemiparesis/paraplegia | 2.04 | 1.49 to 2.79 | <0.001 |
Renal disease | 1.44 | 1.23 to 1.69 | <0.001 |
Malignancy | 1.18 | 1.03 to 1.35 | 0.020 |
Liver disease | 2.05 | 1.64 to 2.56 | <0.001 |
HIV | 1.56 | 0.50 to 4.91 | 0.45 |
Inflammatory bowel disease | 2.43 | 1.78 to 3.32 | <0.001 |
Other immunocompromise | 2.19 | 1.67 to 2.88 | <0.001 |
Healthcare exposure in preceding 8 weeks | |||
Hospital admission | 1.64 | 1.31 to 2.05 | <0.001 |
Emergency department visit | 0.80 | 0.53 to 1.21 | 0.29 |
Past gastrointestinal procedure | 1.15 | 0.91 to 1.46 | 0.24 |
Same-day surgery procedure | 1.07 | 0.88 to 1.30 | 0.49 |
Nursing home stay | 1.08 | 0.73 to 1.60 | 0.71 |
Haemodialysis | 1.29 | 0.96 to 1.75 | 0.09 |
Chemotherapy | 0.89 | 0.68 to 1.15 | 0.37 |
Homecare treatment | 1.37 | 1.25 to 1.52 | <0.001 |
Recent diagnosis of infection | 1.56 | 1.02 to 2.38 | 0.038 |
Calendar month of admission | |||
January | 0.93 | 0.75 to 1.14 | 0.49 |
February | 1.03 | 0.84 to 1.26 | 0.80 |
March | 0.90 | 0.73 to 1.11 | 0.31 |
April | 1.08 | 0.90 to 1.29 | 0.42 |
May | 0.96 | 0.79 to 1.15 | 0.64 |
June | 1.03 | 0.85 to 1.24 | 0.78 |
July | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
August | 1.06 | 0.87 to 1.29 | 0.59 |
September | 0.75 | 0.60 to 0.93 | 0.01 |
October | 0.90 | 0.73 to 1.11 | 0.32 |
November | 0.87 | 0.70 to 1.07 | 0.18 |
December | 0.85 | 0.69 to 1.06 | 0.15 |
Hospital characteristic | |||
Hospital type | |||
Academic/teaching | 2.13 | 1.55 to 2.93 | <0.001 |
Large community | 1.83 | 1.38 to 2.42 | <0.001 |
Medium community | 1.77 | 1.38 to 2.36 | <0.001 |
Small community | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Proportion of beds in single-bed rooms | |||
<25% | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
25%–35% | 1.16 | 0.86 to 1.55 | 0.34 |
>35% | 1.16 | 0.92 to 1.47 | 0.21 |
Not available | 1.13 | 0.82 to 1.55 | 0.45 |
Baseline C. difficile rates in fiscal year 2007 | 1.02 | 1.01 to 1.03 | 0.010 |
Testing method for C. difficile | |||
Standard culture followed by cytotoxin assay | 0.90 | 0.66 to 1.22 | 0.49 |
PCR | 1.40 | 1.03 to 1.91 | 0.03 |
Toxin A/B testing by commercial enzyme assay | 0.92 | 0.66 to 1.30 | 0.65 |
Other | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Hospital processes of care | |||
Immediate isolation for patients with diarrhoea | 0.93 | 0.66 to 1.22 | 0.56 |
Audit of compliance for antibiotic stewardship | 1.17 | 0.92 to 1.50 | 0.20 |
Audit of compliance of environmental cleaning | 1.29 | 0.99 to 1.67 | 0.06 |
Reporting to CEO or hospital board | 0.97 | 0.77 to 1.21 | 0.78 |
On-site C. difficile diagnostic testing | 0.87 | 0.68 to 1.10 | 0.24 |
Use of vancomycin as first-line treatment | 1.19 | 0.87 to 1.63 | 0.28 |
CEO, chief executive officer.