PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - R Westrum
TI  - A typology of organisational cultures
AID  - 10.1136/qshc.2003.009522
DP  - 2004 Dec 01
TA  - Quality and Safety in Health Care
PG  - ii22--ii27
VI  - 13
IP  - suppl 2
4099  - http://qualitysafety.bmj.com/content/13/suppl_2/ii22.short
4100  - http://qualitysafety.bmj.com/content/13/suppl_2/ii22.full
SO  - Qual Saf Health Care2004 Dec 01; 13
AB  - There is wide belief that organisational culture shapes many aspects of performance, including safety. Yet proof of this relationship in a medical context is hard to find. In contrast to human factors, whose contributions are many and notable, culture’s impact remains a commonsense, rather than a scientific, concept. The objectives of this paper are to show that organisational culture bears a predictive relationship with safety and that particular kinds of organisational culture improve safety, and to develop a typology predictive of safety performance. Because information flow is both influential and also indicative of other aspects of culture, it can be used to predict how organisations or parts of them will behave when signs of trouble arise. From case studies and some systematic research it appears that information culture is indeed associated with error reporting and with performance, including safety. Yet this relationship between culture and safety requires more exploration before the connection can be considered definitive.