% GDP on health expenditure | 12.9% | 8.6% | 6.8% |
% public v private | 44.8% | 70% | 83% |
Insurance payment mechanisms | Employer related insurance | Private insurance with tax rebates; universal tax payments | Universal tax based insurance scheme |
Hospitals/networks payment mechanisms | Volume related payments | Global budget and some volume related | Global budgets through areas with performance pay |
Practising medical practitioners per 1000 population (late 1990s) | 2.7 | 2.5 | 1.8 |
Community physicians/GPs payment mechanisms | Through private insurance: fee for service or sessional with incentives | National fee for service with some practice related payments | Capitation and practice payments with incentives |
Nurses and allied health payment mechanisms | Through insurance cover mainly with safety net | Through public hospitals and specific programs; otherwise private payments | Through public hospitals and GPs |
% Total health expenditure on pharmaceuticals | 10.1% | 11.4% | 16.3% |
Pharmaceuticals payment mechanisms | Through private insurance | Public subsidy on basis of cost effectiveness with co-payments | Mainly publicly subsidised |