“Programmatic” and social movements perspectives on change
| Programmatic approach | Social movements approach |
|---|---|
| A planned programme of change with goals and milestones (centrally led) | Change is about releasing energy and is largely self-directing (bottom up) |
| “Motivating” people | “Moving” people |
| Change is driven by an appeal to the “what’s in it for me” | There may well be personal costs involved |
| Talks about “overcoming resistance” | Insists change needs opposition—it is the friend not the enemy of change |
| Change is done “to” people or “with” them—leaders and followers | People change themselves and each other—peer to peer |
| Driven by formal systems change: structures (roles, institutions) lead the change process | Driven by informal systems: structures consolidate, stabilise and institutionalise emergent meanings but create nothing |