Aiken (2003) | Is there an association among proportion of baccalaureate prepared RNs and mortality or failure to rescue among surgical patients? | Cross sectional | 168 US hospitals | 30 day mortality and failure to rescue | 10% increase in proportion of baccalaureate prepared nurses associated with 5% decrease in likelihood of death and failure to rescue |
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Aiken (2002) | Are there associations between patient-nurse ratios and mortality (failure to rescue) among surgical patients? | Cross sectional | 168 US hospitals | 30 day mortality and failure to rescue | Each additional surgical patient per nurse associated with 7% increase in likelihood of death and failure to rescue |
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Aiken (1994) | Do magnet hospitals have lower mortality than non-magnet hospitals? | Retrospective comparative | 234 US hospitals (Medicare patients only) | 30 day post admission mortality | Lower 30 day mortality rates found in magnet hospitals compared with non-magnet hospitals |
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Blegen (1998) | What are the relationships among total hours of nursing care, nursing skill mix,and inpatient death? | Retrospective | 42 units in one US hospital | In-hospital deaths per 1000 discharged patients | Increased deaths associated with higher total nursing worked hours per patient day. No association between proportion of nursing hours worked by RNs and in-hospital mortality |
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Farley (1992) | What are the relationships between mortality and volume for specific diagnoses? | Retrospective | 500 US hospitals | In-hospital mortality rates | Lower mortality rates associated with higher RN full time equivalents per 100 patient days and higher percentage of board certified physicians |
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Hartz (1989) | Is there an association between hospital characteristics and 30-day mortality? | Retrospective | 3100 US hospitals | 30 day post admission mortality | Lower 30 day mortality associated with higher percentage of board certified physicians and higher percentage of nurses who were RNs |
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Knaus (1986) | How do structures and processes of care influence mortality ratios in intensive care? | Descriptive prospective | 13 US hospital ICUs | Inpatient standard mortality ratio | Lower standard mortality ratios associated with comprehensive clinical nursing education system and excellent nurse-physician collaboration |
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Manheim (1992) | To what extent do hospital structures and regional environmental variables predict 30 day mortality? | Retrospective | 3796 US hospitals (Medicare patients only) | 30 day post admission mortality | Lower 30 day mortality associated with higher percentage of board certified physicians and higher ratio of RNs per patient admission |
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Mitchell (1989) | Is there a relationship between organisational elements and mortality in critical care units? | Descriptive case study | Two ICUs in one US hospital | Inpatient standard mortality ratio | Lower inpatient standard mortality ratios associated with higher nurse-physician collaboration |
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Needleman (2002) | Are lower levels of nurse staffing at hospitals associated with increased mortality? | Retrospective | 799 US hospitals | In-hospital death and failure to rescue rates | Lower failure to rescue rates for medical patients associated with higher proportion of RN hours of care and lower failure to rescue rates for surgical patients associated with greater hours of RN care. No association between increased levels of RN staffing and in-hospital death rates for medical or surgical patients |
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Sasichay-Akkadechanunt (2003) | Is there a relationship between nurse staff, mean years experience, and percentage of baccalaureate nurses with in-hospital mortality? | Retrospective cross sectional observational | 17 medical-surgical units in one Thailand hospital | In-hospital mortality rate | Lower in-hospital mortality associated with increased nurse-patient ratio. No association between proportion of RNs in nursing staff, % baccalaureate nurses, or years of nurse experience with in-patient mortality |
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Schultz (1997) | What are the relationships of structural and financial hospital variables with inpatient hospital mortality rates for acute myocardial infarction patients? | Ex post facto correlational | 373 US hospitals | In-hospital mortality rate | Lower in-hospital mortality associated with higher RN hours per patient day. No association between percentage of board-certified physicians and in-hospital mortality |
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Shortell (1988) | What are the influences of environmental and institutional factors on in-hospital mortality rates? | Retrospective | 981 US hospitals (Medicare patients only) | In-hospital mortality rate | No association between in-hospital mortality rates and percentage of RN employees |
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Shortell (1994) | What are the factors associated with mortality in intensive care units? | Correlational | 40 general US intensive care units | In-hospital standard mortality ratio | No association between in-hospital standard mortality ratios and RN hours per patient per shift or nurse-physician collaboration |
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Tourangeau (2002) | Is there a relationship between nurse staffing, nurse work environment and nurse characteristics with 30 day mortality? | Retrospective | 75 Ontario, Canada hospitals | 30 day post admission mortality rate | Lower 30 day mortality associated with higher RN staff mix and more years experience in clinical unit. No association between 30 day mortality and physician expertise, professional nursing practice environment, or clinical nursing education support |