Table 3 Real-time observed process deviations in three datasets

Deviations*	Dataset 1 (n = 41)	Dataset 2 (n = 30)	Dataset 3 (n = 100)	Total (n = 171)	Percentage of total
Deviations*	Validation period 1	Validation period 2
Total preoperative deviations		68	153	221	37.3
Informed consent procedure		13	26	39	6.6
Informed consent anaesthesia		16	42	58	9.8
Information		8	9	17	2.9
Instructions anaesthesiologist		1	5	6	1.0
Laboratory tests and blood products		5	13	18	3.0
Pressure area protection protocol		10	29	39	6.6
Medication (including premedication)		15	29	44	7.4
Total peroperative deviations	52	69	129	250	42.2
Logistics OR, positioning of patient	6	6	1	13	2.2
Information	7	10	11	28	4.7
Personnel	7	11	10	28	4.7
Communication	6	10	6	22	3.7
Instruments/material/equipment presence	17	7	21	45	7.6
Instruments/material/equipment functioning	8	22	35	65	11.0
Patient-related	1	2	4	7	1.2
Medication	–	1	41	42	7.1
Total postoperative deviations		29	93	122	20.6
Operation report in medical record		1	3	4	0.7
Instructions surgeon		6	6	12	2.0
Instructions anaesthesiologist		3	13	16	2.7
(Protocol) information		11	46	57	9.6
Technical		1	–	1	0.2
Patient-related		1	4	5	0.8
Discharge letter/outpatient appointments		4	9	13	2.2
Medication at discharge		2	12	14	2.4
Total no	52	166	375	593	100.0

*Deviations represent not adverse events but merely deviations from the optimal and/or appropriate care process and imply potential safety hazard. The outcome of the deviations was not monitored.