| 1. “Reactive” (or brittle with no resilience) | This is about response and knowing what to do to respond to failures | For example, standardised but not tailored formats (ie, reducing flexibility) | For example, wide acceptance of not completing handovers after pagers interrupt handover updates | For example, absence or incomplete staff rotas for handover |
| 2. “Interactive” (or robust with partial resilience) | This is about attention and knowing what to look for | For example, provide easy access to extra information, if needed | For example, provide an opportunity for receiving team to seek clarification | For example, designated handover times and areas |
| 3. “Proactive” (or resilient with full resilience) | This is about anticipation and knowing what to expect before it disrupts system | For example, triage or clinical review (ie, cross-check decision, not just transfer) | For example, official sign-off and escalation policies for common understanding | For example, designing the system so that the incoming person in a handover has to update the incoming supervisor while the outgoing person listens to ensure accuracy |