Table 2 Descriptive statistics of the dimensions at individual, unit and hospital level
DimensionIndividual level (n = 1889)Unit level (n = 87)Hospital level (n = 19)
Mean (SD)RangeMean (SD)RangeMean (SD)Range
Feedback about and learning from error3.41 (0.60)1.33 to 5.003.41 (0.31)2.41 to 4.083.35 (0.20)2.84 to 3.64
Overall perceptions of safety3.38 (0.59)1.25 to 5.003.37 (0.27)2.67 to 3.873.38 (0.16)3.06 to 3.61
Teamwork across hospital units2.85 (0.58)1.00 to 4.602.84 (0.21)2.42 to 3.492.85 (0.17)2.62 to 3.40
Frequency of event reporting3.06 (0.90)1.00 to 5.003.05 (0.42)1.96 to 4.112.99 (0.25)2.46 to 3.29
Supervisor/manager expectations and actions3.56 (0.58)1.00 to 5.003.56 (0.22)2.96 to 4.213.56 (0.11)3.39 to 3.75
Teamwork within units3.88 (0.48)1.50 to 5.003.88 (0.19)3.41 to 4.363.88 (0.12)3.68 to 4.04
Non-punitive response to error3.65 (0.62)1.00 to 5.003.64 (0.25)3.00 to 4.113.64 (0.18)3.19 to 3.89
Smooth transitions3.47 (0.68)1.50 to 5.003.47 (0.28)2.72 to 4.003.47 (0.12)3.20 to 3.65
Openness of communication3.79 (0.58)1.00 to 5.003.80 (0.21)3.22 to 4.333.78 (0.11)3.62 to 4.01
Adequate staffing3.61 (0.67)1.00 to 5.003.59 (0.41)2.40 to 4.343.66 (0.23)3.29 to 4.16
Hospital management support2.98 (0.67)1.00 to 5.002.97 (0.25)2.33 to 3.522.97 (0.14)2.70 to 3.30