Dimension | Individual level | Unit level | Hospital level | ||
Variance (SE) | Variance (SE) | ICC (%) | Variance (SE) | ICC (%) | |
Feedback about and learning from error | 0.290 (0.010)* | 0.050 (0.011)* | 13.8 | 0.023 (0.013)* | 6.2 |
Overall perceptions of safety | 0.297 (0.010)* | 0.049 (0.011)* | 14.0 | 0.007 (0.007) | 1.9 |
Teamwork across hospital units | 0.304 (0.010)* | 0.015 (0.005)* | 4.4 | 0.015 (0.007)* | 4.4 |
Frequency of event reporting | 0.665 (0.023)* | 0.112 (0.025)* | 14.0 | 0.021 (0.019) | 2.6 |
Supervisor/manager expectations and actions | 0.294 (0.010)* | 0.030 (0.007)* | 9.3 | – | – |
Teamwork within units | 0.205 (0.007)* | 0.022 (0.005)* | 9.5 | 0.002 (0.003) | 1.0 |
Non-punitive response to error | 0.347 (0.012)* | 0.018 (0.006)* | 4.7 | 0.017 (0.009)* | 4.5 |
Smooth transitions | 0.392 (0.013)* | 0.039 (0.009)* | 9.1 | – | – |
Openness of communication | 0.314 (0.011)* | 0.014 (0.005)* | 4.3 | 0.004 (0.004) | 1.1 |
Adequate staffing | 0.303 (0.010)* | 0.144 (0.027)* | 31.7 | 0.007 (0.014) | 1.4 |
Hospital management support | 0.408 (0.014)* | 0.027 (0.008)* | 6.2 | 0.007 (0.006) | 1.6 |
There was not enough information to obtain estimates at hospital level for Supervisor/manager expectations & actions and Smooth transitions.
*p<0.05.