Table 4

Changes in processes and outcomes of care for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients

Mean (SD)	Programme A			Programme B			Programme C^*			Overall
Mean (SD)	Pre	Post	p Value	Pre	Post	p Value	Pre	Post	p Value	Pre	Post	p Value
Chronic illness care (Assessing Chronic Illness Care)^†^§
Self-management support	5.97 (2.44)	6.93 (2.11)	0.163	3.81 (2.14)	7.65 (1.50)	<0.001	4.33 (2.50)	6.48 (1.68)	0.008	4.77 (2.46)	7.15 (1.73)	<0.001
Decision support	6.88 (1.40)	7.86 (1.63)	0.079	5.61 (1.84)	7.57 (1.19)	<0.001	5.03 (2.69)	7.40 (0.94)	0.012	5.80 (1.95)	7.51 (1.29)	<0.001
Delivery system design	6.67 (1.45)	7.97 (1.51)	0.012	3.75 (1.71)	7.86 (1.02)	<0.001	4.11 (2.80)	7.50 (1.18)	0.002	4.78 (2.32)	7.74 (1.27)	<0.001
Clinical information system	5.83 (1.17)	7.03 (1.23)	<0.001	3.53 (1.75)	6.33 (1.52)	<0.001	4.18 (3.10)	6.73 (2.12)	0.017	4.45 (2.32)	6.70 (1.59)	<0.001
	n=150			n=112			n=108			n=370
Quality of life^†
Chronic respiratory questionnaire^†—dyspnoea (scale 1–7)	5.68 (1.33)	5.70 (1.33)	0.832	6.20 (0.95)	6.28 (0.85)	0.276				5.91 (1.19)	5.96 (1.17)	0.365
Emotional function	5.39 (1.05)	5.34 (1.10)	0.551	5.11 (1.16)	5.53 (0.90)	<0.001				5.27 (1.11)	5.43 (1.02)	0.011
Fatigue	4.79 (1.27)	4.85 (1.27)	0.515	5.04 (1.35)	5.47 (0.94)	<0.001				4.90 (1.31)	5.12 (1.17)	0.001
Mastery	5.63 (1.07)	5.64 (1.07)	0.895	5.54 (1.18)	5.75 (1.20)	0.090				5.59 (1.12)	5.69 (1.13)	0.177
Clinical chronic obstructive pulmonary disease questionnaire^‡—total (scale 0–6)	1.38 (0.84)	1.45 (0.92)	0.237	1.20 (0.71)	0.91 (0.62)	<0.001	1.26 (0.72)	1.13 (0.73)	0.038	1.29 (0.77)	1.18 (0.81)	0.005
Symptoms	1.86 (0.94)	1.83 (1.03)	0.686	1.90 (1.06)	1.43 (0.89)	<0.001	1.92 (0.87)	1.33 (0.84)	<0.001	1.88 (0.96)	1.56 (0.95)	<0.001
Functional	1.34 (1.11)	1.47 (1.16)	0.087	0.90 (0.81)	0.72 (0.72)	0.011	0.95 (0.87)	0.85 (0.92)	0.202	1.09 (0.97)	1.05 (1.02)	0.417
Mental state	0.54 (0.83)	0.66 (0.86)	0.088	0.39 (0.67)	0.24 (0.55)	0.053	0.54 (0.74)	1.29 (0.80)	<0.001	0.50 (0.76)	0.71 (0.86)	<0.001
Symptoms
Dyspnoea (Medical Research Council) (scale 0–5)^‡	0.75 (0.90)	0.50 (0.87)	0.001	0.82 (0.91)	0.57 (0.81)	0.002	0.89 (0.95)	0.63 (0.80)	0.001	0.81 (0.92)	0.56 (0.83)	<0.001
Lung function (forced expiratory volume in 1 s percentage predicted)^†	76.9 (18.0)	73.6 (18.5)	<0.001	75.4 (16.1)	76.0 (17.3)	0.545	71.7 (16.3)	73.0 (14.1)	0.304	74.8 (17.0)	74.2 (16.8)	0.314
Patient experiences^†
General practitioner (scale 0–10)	6.95 (1.69)	7.00 (1.70)	0.804	7.02 (1.85)	7.25 (1.58)	0.318	4.17 (2.76)	5.58 (2.69)	0.181	6.46 (2.23)	6.73 (2.05)	0.109
Practice nurse (scale 0–10)	5.60 (1.87)	7.15 (1.44)	<0.001	6.66 (1.71)	7.13 (1.42)	0.081	1.69 (2.37)	6.68 (2.47)	0.008	5.73 (2.35)	7.09 (1.54)	<0.001

↵* CRQ scores were not obtained in programme C.
↵† Positive change means improvement.
↵‡ Negative change means improvement.
↵§ Range 0–11: 0–2=limited support for chronic illness care; 3–5=basic support; 6–8=reasonably good support; 9–11=fully developed chronic illness care.