The distribution of hospital and nursing characteristics for study hospitals and patients
| Characteristics | Hospital (N=419) No. (%) | Patient (N=160 930) No. (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Hospital characteristic | ||
| State | ||
| California | 210 (50.4) | 67 049 (41.7) |
| New Jersey | 70 (16.8) | 31 309 (19.5) |
| Pennsylvania | 137 (32.9) | 62 572 (38.9) |
| Region | ||
| Division | 192 (46.0) | 77 222 (48.0) |
| Metro | 183 (43.9) | 73 575 (45.7) |
| Micro | 35 (8.4) | 9007 (5.6) |
| Rural | 7 (1.7) | 1126 (0.7) |
| Ownership | ||
| For profit | 44 (10.6) | 12 567 (7.8) |
| Not-for-profit | 346 (83) | 140 974 (87.6) |
| Government, non-federal | 27 (6.5) | 7389 (4.6) |
| High technology | 185 (44.4) | 88 860 (55.2) |
| Hospital size | ||
| Small | 46 (11.0) | 8460 (5.3) |
| Medium | 192 (46.0) | 62 909 (39.1) |
| Large | 179 (42.9) | 89 561 (55.7) |
| Teaching status | ||
| Non-teaching | 215 (51.6) | 75 284 (46.8) |
| Minor teaching | 163 (39.1) | 66 953 (41.6) |
| Major teaching | 39 (9.4) | 18 693 (11.6) |
| Nursing characteristic | ||
| Work environment | ||
| Poor | 157 (37.7) | 62 827 (39) |
| Mixed | 97 (23.3) | 36 487 (22.7) |
| Good | 163 (39.1) | 61 616 (38.3) |
| Nurse staffing (patients/nurse) | ||
| <4 | 84 (20.1) | 26 328 (16.4) |
| 4 to <5 | 154 (36.9) | 60 629 (37.7) |
| 5 to <6 | 105 (25.2) | 46 180 (28.7) |
| 6 to <7 | 51 (12.2) | 21 072 (13.1) |
| ≥7 | 23 (5.5) | 6721 (4.2) |
Author's analysis.
Percentages may not sum to 100% due to rounding. High-technology hospitals conduct organ transplants, open heart surgery, or both.