Risk-of-bias assessment of included studies
| Lead author, year | Sequence generation | Concealment of allocation | Blinding of outcome assessment | Incomplete outcome data | Other source of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Educational | |||||
| Hershberger, 199729 | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | High |
| Nendaz, 201145 | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low | Low |
| Reilly, 201328 | High | High | Unclear | Low | High |
| Round, 199946 | High | High | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear |
| Schnapp, 201453 | N/A | N/A | Unclear | Low | High |
| Sherbino, 201447 | High | High | Unclear | Low | Unclear |
| Workplace | |||||
| Checklist | |||||
| Graber, 201460 | N/A | N/A | Unclear | Low | Low |
| Shimizu, 201348 | N/A | N/A | Unclear | Low | Low |
| Sibbald, 201361 | N/A | N/A | Low | Low | Low |
| Sibbald, 201354 | Low | High | Unclear | Low | High |
| Cognitive forcing strategies | |||||
| Arzy, 200962 | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low | Low |
| Feyzi-Behnagh, 201455 | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low | Low |
| Regehr, 199456 | N/A | N/A | Unclear | Low | Low |
| Guided reflection | |||||
| Mamede, 200839 | N/A | N/A | Unclear | Low | Low |
| Mamede, 201042 | N/A | N/A | Low | Low | Low |
| Mamede, 201263 | N/A | N/A | Low | Low | Low |
| Myung, 201349 | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Unclear |
| Schmidt, 201458 | N/A | N/A | Low | Low | Low |
| Instructions at test | |||||
| Ilgen, 201164 | N/A | N/A | Unclear | Low | Low |
| Ilgen, 201367 | Low | High | Unclear | Low | Low |
| Kulatunga-Moruzi, 200150 | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low | Low |
| Kulatunga-Moruzi, 201151 | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low | Low |
| Norman, 201457 | High | High | High | Low | Unclear |
| Sbbald, 201268 | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Unclear |
| Sibbald, 201259 | N/A | N/A | Unclear | Low | Unclear |
| Other interventions | |||||
| Ibiapina, 201452 | N/A | N/A | Unclear | Low | Low |
| Mamede, 201065 | N/A | N/A | Low | Low | Low |
| Payne, 201166 | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low |