Risk of hospitals receiving penalties
| Moderately penalised group (Q2–Q3) | Most penalised group (Q4) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | |
| Size | ||||
| Small | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Medium | 2.27 (1.77 to 2.91) | <0.001 | 3.31 (2.4 to 4.58) | <0.001 |
| Large | 2.65 (1.72 to 4.08) | <0.001 | 3.71 (2.23 to 6.17) | <0.001 |
| Region | ||||
| Northeast | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Midwest | 0.64 (0.45 to 0.89) | <0.01 | 0.46 (0.31 to 0.67) | <0.001 |
| South | 0.77 (0.55 to 1.08) | 0.13 | 0.51 (0.35 to 0.74) | <0.001 |
| West | 0.55 (0.38 to 0.8) | 0.001 | 0.3 (0.2 to 0.45) | <0.001 |
| Ownership | ||||
| For profit | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Non-profit | 0.68 (0.51 to 0.9) | <0.01 | 0.54 (0.39 to 0.76) | <0.001 |
| Public | 1.02 (0.71 to 1.47) | 0.92 | 0.83 (0.54 to 1.28) | 0.41 |
| Teaching | ||||
| Non-teaching | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Major teaching | 1.35 (0.79 to 2.32) | 0.28 | 2.17 (1.23 to 3.83) | <0.01 |
| Minor teaching | 1.11 (0.87 to 1.43) | 0.40 | 0.95 (0.7 to 1.27) | 0.71 |
| RUCA | ||||
| Urban | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Suburban | 0.78 (0.48 to 1.25) | 0.30 | 0.56 (0.29 to 1.08) | 0.08 |
| Large rural | 1.01 (0.77 to 1.32) | 0.94 | 0.76 (0.55 to 1.07) | 0.11 |
| Small rural | 0.85 (0.6 to 1.21) | 0.36 | 0.87 (0.56 to 1.35) | 0.52 |
| ICU | 2.46 (1.76 to 3.44) | <0.001 | 2.46 (1.57 to 3.87) | <0.001 |
| Safety-net hospital | 1.37 (1.06 to 1.79) | 0.02 | 1.96 (1.46 to 2.63) | <0.001 |
Multinomial regression model with least penalised group as outcome reference. Analyses were performed using R-3.2.
ICU, intensive care unit; RUCA, rural-commuting area.