Items (n) | α | Scale mean (SD)‡ | Average λ (minimum, maximum) | Average interitem correlation (minimum, maximum) | F | ICC(1) | ICC(2) | Correlations | ||||||||
1a | 1b | 1c | 2a | 2b | 2c | 2d | ||||||||||
1 | Control-based safety management | 0.79 | 14.38 (1.91) | 4.478* | 0.192 | 0.777 | 0.759* | 0.796* | 0.847* | 0.522* | 0.471* | 0.492* | 0.419* | |||
1a | Stress the importance of safety rules and regulations | 5 | 0.70 | 15.60 (2.14) | 0.65 (0.51, 0.80) | 0.32 (0.21, 0.52) | 2.902* | 0.115 | 0.655 | |||||||
1b | Monitor compliance | 4 | 0.59 | 14.29 (2.33) | 0.56 (0.45, 0.69) | 0.27 (0.16, 0.43) | 4.052* | 0.172 | 0.753 | 0.408* | ||||||
1c | Feedback on (non-)compliance | 3 | 0.64 | 13.24 (2.64) | 0.64 (0.55, 0.73) | 0.37 (0.30, 0.42) | 3.272* | 0.134 | 0.694 | 0.473* | 0.511* | |||||
2 | Commitment-based safety management | 0.94 | 15.04 (2.55) | 8.278* | 0.332 | 0.879 | 0.421* | 0.506* | 0.437* | 0.882* | 0.735* | 0.894* | 0.859* | |||
2a | Role modelling behaviour | 7 | 0.90 | 14.84 (2.82) | 0.80 (0.67, 0.89) | 0.56 (0.37, 0.72) | 8.072* | 0.325 | 0.876 | 0.419* | 0.442* | 0.401* | ||||
2b | Create safety awareness | 6 | 0.86 | 15.26 (3.08) | 0.76 (0.65, 0.85) | 0.52 (0.37, 0.68) | 5.232* | 0.224 | 0.809 | 0.356* | 0.429* | 0.353* | 0.483* | |||
2c | Leader’s safety commitment | 5 | 0.90 | 14.51 (3.36) | 0.85 (0.77, 0.94) | 0.66 (0.58, 0.79) | 6.726* | 0.281 | 0.851 | 0.355* | 0.443* | 0.386* | 0.759* | 0.523* | ||
2d | Encourage participation | 3 | 0.82 | 15.53 (2.85) | 0.84 (0.84, 0.85) | 0.60 (0.57, 0.66) | 5.405* | 0.231 | 0.815 | 0.288* | 0.388* | 0.331* | 0.753* | 0.459* | 0.708* |
*P<0.01 (two-tailed).
†Reliability estimates, scale means, average λ and correlations were determined based on the data of our second sample (n=1213). One-way ANOVA and ICC values were calculated based on the data of departments with a minimum response of eight nurses in the complete data set (n=2378).
‡Scale scores were recalculated on a 20-point scale: answers on a 4-point Likert scale were multiplied by 5, answers on a 5-point Likert scale by 4.
ANOVA, analysis of variance; ICC, intraclass correlation coefficient.