Author (year) | Causality criteria | Causality judgement | Causal relationship | Preventability criteria | Preventability judgement | % Preventability |
McKenney et al (1976)19 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Stewart et al (1980)20 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Bergman and Wiholm (1981)21 | Algorithm of Bergman and Wiholm21 | By researchers | Definite or probable: (21/21; 100%) | NR | NR | NR |
Yosselson-Superstine and Weiss (1982)22 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Bigby et al (1987)23 | No explicit criteria | By three reviewers and consensus (at least two ‘yes’ judgements) | Definite (26/26; 100%) | No explicit criteria | By three reviewers and consensus (at least 2 ‘yes’ judgements) | 19/26 (73.1) |
Davidsen et al (1988)24 | WHO criteria45 | By research physician | Definite, probable or possible (16/16; 100%) | NR | NR | NR |
Grymonpre et al (1988)25 | Algorithm of Bergman and Wiholm21 | By attending physicians and house staff | NR for non-adherence | NR | NR | NR |
Col et al (1990)2 | Col2 | By two senior medical residents | Definite or probable (11/34; 32.35%), possible (13/34; 38.24%), contributing factor (10/34; 29.41%) | NR | NR | NR |
Stanton et al (1994)26 | Hallas44 | By an attending medical officer and a panel of four of the authors | Definite (6/10; 60%), probable (4/10; 40%) | NR | NR | NR |
Courtman and Stallings (1995)27 | NR | NR | NR | Courtman and Stallings27 | By pharmacy residents | 9/9 (100) |
Dartnell et al (1996)28 | Karch-Lasagna47 | By at least two authors and discrepancy was resolved by all authors | NR | Dartnell28 | By at least two authors, discrepancy resolved by all | 15/15 (100) |
Nelson and Talbert (1996)29 | Modified Hallas44 | By investigators | Definite or probable (48/48; 100%) | Nelson and Talbert29 | By investigators | NR |
Murad and Chawla (1997)30 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Chan et al (2001)31 | Hallas44 | By investigators and training doctors | NR | Hallas preventability44 | By investigators and trainee doctors | 9/9 (100) |
Malhotra et al (2001)32 | Malhotra32 | By one of investigators | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Martin et al (2002)33 | Hallas44 | By investigators | Definite, probable or possible (91/91; 100%) | Schumock and Thornton49 | By investigators | 91/91 (100) |
Otero López et al (2006)34 | Modified algorithm of Karch-Lasagna47 | By investigators | Definite or probable (19/19; 100%) | Schumock and Thornton49 | By investigators | NR |
Samoy et al (2006)35 | Using explicit predefined approach | By three reviewers and consensus | Report only DRP result | Zed50 and Forster51 | By three reviewers and consensus | 22/22 (100) |
Kongkaew (2009)36 | Hallas,44 amended Howard48 | By three reviewers and consensus | Definite or probable (190/190; 100%) | Hepler and Strand43 | By three reviewers and consensus | 56/190 (29.47) |
Singh et al (2011)37 | NR | NR | NR | Zed50 and Forster51 | By investigators | 55/55 (100) |
Al-Arifi et al (2014)38 | NR | NR | NR | Nelson and Talbert29 | By investigators | 17/17 (100) |
Kongkaew (2015)39 | Hallas,44 amended Howard48 | By three reviewers and consensus | Causal: overuse (11/32; 34%), underuse (21/32; 66%) | Hepler and Strand43 | By three reviewers and consensus | 32/32 (100) |
Gustafsson et al (2016)40 | Using WHO criteria46 | Using explicit criteria | Definite (7/19; 36.8%), probable (5/19; 26.3%), possible (7/19; 36.8%) | NR | NR | NR |
Jolivot et al (2016)41 | NR | NR | NR | Schumock and Thornton49 | Judged by investigators | 31/31 (100) |
DRP, drug-related problem; NR, not reported.