Repeated measures mixed models predicting utilisation in the period, with an exposure of the PAM level and controlling for other observable confounders
| Outcome | PAM level (vs 1) | Adjusted | Unadjusted |
| Rate ratio (CI) | Rate ratio (CI) | ||
| Contact with a general practitioner | 2 | 0.92 (0.88 to 0.95) | 0.88 (0.85 to 0.92) |
| 3 | 0.87 (0.84 to 0.90) | 0.83 (0.80 to 0.86) | |
| 4 | 0.82 (0.79 to 0.86) | 0.77 (0.73 to 0.80) | |
| Emergency department attendance | 2 | 0.76 (0.69 to 0.85) | 0.71 (0.64 to 0.79) |
| 3 | 0.73 (0.66 to 0.79) | 0.66 (0.60 to 0.72) | |
| 4 | 0.68 (0.60 to 0.78) | 0.60(0.53 to 0.68) | |
| Elective admission | 2 | 0.84 (0.73 to 0.96) | 0.83 (0.72 to 0.95) |
| 3 | 0.77 (0.69 to 0.87) | 0.76 (0.67 to 0.85) | |
| 4 | 0.80 (0.68 to 0.94) | 0.76 (0.65 to 0.90) | |
| Emergency admission | 2 | 0.71 (0.61 to 0.83) | 0.63 (0.54 to 0.74) |
| 3 | 0.66 (0.58 to 0.75) | 0.57 (0.50 to 0.65) | |
| 4 | 0.62 (0.51 to 0.75) | 0.48 (0.40 to 0.59) | |
| Attended outpatient appointment | 2 | 0.90 (0.83 to 0.97) | 0.88 (0.82 to 0.95) |
| 3 | 0.87 (0.82 to 0.94) | 0.85 (0.79 to 0.90) | |
| 4 | 0.81 (0.74 to 0.88) | 0.75 (0.69 to 0.82) | |
| ‘Did not attend’ a GP contact | 2 | 0.91 (0.82 to 1.00) | 0.87 (0.78 to 0.96) |
| 3 | 0.85 (0.78 to 0.92) | 0.81 (0.74 to 0.88) | |
| 4 | 0.77 (0.68 to 0.87) | 0.74 (0.66 to 0.84) | |
| ‘Did not attend’ an outpatient appointment | 2 | 0.78 (0.68 to 0.90) | 0.71 (0.62 to 0.82) |
| 3 | 0.68 (0.60 to 0.77) | 0.61 (0.54 to 0.69) | |
| 4 | 0.72 (0.61 to 0.86) | 0.65 (0.55 to 0.77) | |
| Minor self-referral to an emergency department | 2 | 0.91 (0.77 to 1.07) | 0.85 (0.72 to 1.00) |
| 3 | 0.77 (0.67 to 0.88) | 0.71 (0.62 to 0.81) | |
| 4 | 0.67 (0.55 to 0.82) | 0.63 (0.52 to 0.76) | |
| Odds Ratio (CI) | Odds Ratio (CI) | ||
| 30-day emergency readmission | 2 | 0.93 (0.63 to 1.40) | 0.91 (0.61 to 1.34) |
| 3 | 0.78 (0.55 to 1.10) | 0.76 (0.55 to 1.06) | |
| 4 | 0.68 (0.39 to 1.17) | 0.63 (0.37 to 1.08) | |
| Likelihood of an elective admission resulting in an overnight stay | 2 | 1.08 (0.81 to 1.45) | 1.08 (0.81 to 1.44) |
| 3 | 1.05 (0.82 to 1.34) | 1.05 (0.82 to 1.33) | |
| 4 | 1.13 (0.81 to 1.59) | 1.12 (0.80 to 1.56) | |
| Likelihood of an emergency admission resulting in an overnight stay | 2 | 0.95 (0.67 to 1.34) | 0.97 (0.69. 1.35) |
| 3 | 1.20 (0.89 to 1.61) | 1.23 (0.92 to 1.64) | |
| 4 | 1.28 (0.82 to 2.01) | 1.18 (0.77 to 1.83) | |
| Rate ratio (CI) | Rate ratio (CI) | ||
| Average length of stay of overnight emergency admissions | 2 | 1.00 (0.78 to 1.27) | 0.96 (0.75 to 1.22) |
| 3 | 1.05 (0.86 to 1.28) | 0.99 (0.81 to 1.21) | |
| 4 | 1.01 (0.75 to 1.35) | 0.91 (0.68 to 1.23) | |
| Average length of stay of overnight elective admissions | 2 | 0.67 (0.45 to 1.01) | 0.67 (0.45 to 1.00) |
| 3 | 0.67 (0.48 to 0.94) | 0.68 (0.49 to 0.96) | |
| 4 | 0.59 (0.37 to 0.94) | 0.62 (0.40 to 0.99) |
GP, general practitioner; PAM, Patient Activation Measure.