Table 4

Adjusted normal-based models for logged percentage time spent interacting with staff

CharacteristicUnivariate*
Multiplicative effect (95% CI)
Adjusted for all predictors
Multiplicative effects (95% CI)
Patient characteristics
Age (per unit increase)1.01 (1.00 to 1.02)1.00 (0.99 to 1.02)
Male contrasted to females0.96 (0.67 to 1.38)0.99 (0.67 to 1.46)
With (vs without) dementia1.08 (0.82 to 1.44)1.10 (0.82 to 1.48)
Observation session characteristics
Number of patients per RN(p=0.704)(p=0.300)
 ≤61.12 (0.79, 1.60)1.36 (0.88, 2.09)
 >6 to <8 (reference)1.001.00
 ≥81.16 (0.78, 1.74)1.30 (0.85, 1.99)
Number of patients per HCA(p=0.045)(p=0.130)
 ≤70.81 (0.57, 1.17)0.77 (0.51, 1.17)
 7 to 8 (reference)1.001.00
 >8.000.63 (0.44, 0.91)0.66 (0.44, 1.00)
Ward
 A (reference)1.001.00
 B1.09 (0.66 to 1.81)1.15 (0.62 to 2.12)
 C0.65 (0.39 to 1.08)0.62 (0.34 to 1.16)
 D0.70 (0.42 to 1.19)0.72 (0.41 to 1.26)
 E0.80 (0.48 to 1.32)0.78 (0.42 to 1.43)
 F0.55 (0.33 to 0.93)0.64 (0.37 to 1.11)
  • Patient level analysis (n=270).

  • *Observation session included as a random effect.

  • HCA, healthcare assistant; RN, registered nurse.