Characteristics of study cohort
| Characteristic | Preintervention n (%) | Postintervention n (%) | P value |
| Overall | 47 404 (100.0) | 113 030 (100.0) | |
| Male | 19 586 (41.3) | 47 154 (41.7) | 0.14 |
| Age, mean (SD) | 47 (27) | 46 (27) | <0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| White | 31 393 (66.2) | 73 382 (64.9) | <0.001 |
| Black | 4345 (9.2) | 11 013 (9.7) | <0.001 |
| Other race | 10 275 (21.7) | 25 323 (22.4) | 0.001 |
| Unknown | 1391 (2.9) | 3312 (2.9) | 0.96 |
| DRG weight, mean (SD) | 1.72 (1.7) | 1.86 (1.8) | <0.001 |
| Elixhauser variables, mean (SD) | 0.07 (0.25) | 0.07 (0.25) | 0.79 |
| Service line | |||
| Medicine (general and specialty) | 15 360 (32.4) | 33 610 (29.7) | <0.001 |
| Surgery (general and specialty) | 4818 (10.2) | 12 488 (11.0) | <0.001 |
| Neurology | 3661 (7.7) | 8132 (7.2) | <0.001 |
| Obstetrics/gynaecology | 9464 (20.0) | 23 131 (20.5) | 0.02 |
| Paediatrics (general and specialty) | 5201 (11.0) | 14 850 (13.1) | <0.001 |
| Other service | 8900 (18.8) | 20 819 (18.4) | 0.10 |
| Payer | |||
| Medicare | 16 240 (34.3) | 36 834 (32.6) | <0.001 |
| Medicaid | 4968 (10.5) | 16 990 (15.0) | <0.001 |
| Self-pay | 395 (0.8) | 997 (0.9) | 0.33 |
| Commercial/worker’s compensation/other | 25 801 (54.4) | 56 437 (49.9) | <0.001 |
DRG, diagnosis related group; FFS, fee-for-service.