Random sequence generation | Allocation concealment | Blinding of clinicians and data collectors | Blinding of outcome assessors | Incomplete outcome data (for clinicians) | Selective outcome reporting | Other sources of bias | |
Coylewright et al 13 2016 and Coylewright et al 14 2017 (nested study) | Low | Low | High | Unclear/ not reported | High | High | Low |
Hess et al 15 2016 | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | High | High |
Hess et al 16 2012 | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | High | High |
Perestelo-Pérez et al 17 2016 | Low | Unclear/not reported | High | Unclear/not reported | Low | Low | Low |
Nannenga et al 18 2009 | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Thomson et al 19 2007 | Low | Low | High | Unclear/not reported | Low | Low | Low |
Warner et al 20 2015 | Low | Unclear/not reported | High | Unclear/not reported | Low | Low | Low |
Mathers et al 21 2012 | Low | Low | High | High | Low | Low | Low |
Karagiannis et al 23 2016 | Low | Low | High | Unclear/not reported | Low | Low | Low |
Mullan et al 24 2009 | Low | Low | High | Unclear/not reported | Low | Low | Low |
Denig et al 25 2014 | Low | Low | High | Unclear/not reported | Low | Low | Low |
LeBlanc et al 26 2015, Osteoporosis | Low | Low | High | High | Unclear/ not reported | Low | High |
Montori et al 27 2011 | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | Low | Low |
LeBlanc et al 28 2015, Depression | Low | Unclear/not reported | High | Unclear/not reported | Low | Low | Low |
Loh et al 29 2007 | Low | Low | High | Unclear/not reported | Unclear/not reported | Low | Low |
Légaré et al 30 2012 | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Légaré et al 31 2011 | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Little et al
44 2015 (parent study of Anthierens et al 32 2014 | Low | Low | High | Unclear/ not reported | Low | Low | Low |
Walczak et al 33 2017 | Low | Low | High | Unclear/not reported | High | High | High |
Leighl et al 34 2011 | Low | Low | High | Unclear/not reported | Low | Low | Low |
Ozanne et al 35 2007 | Unclear/not reported | Unclear/not reported | High | Unclear/not reported | Low | Low | High |
Whelan et al 36 2003 | Low | Unclear/not reported | High | Unclear/not reported | Unclear/not reported | Unclear/not reported | Low |
Bekker et al 37 2004 | Low | Low | High | High | Low | Low | Low |
Low: low risk of bias (green); unclear/not reported: risk of bias was unclear or not reported (yellow); high: high risk of bias (red).