Clinician adherence to intervention
| Baseline | Intervention 1 | Intervention 2 | |
| Response rates, n (%)* | |||
| Resident | 22/23 (95.7) | 20/22 (90.9) | 16/19 (84.2) |
| Nurse | 34/66 (51.5) | 37/64 (57.8) | 38/67 (56.7) |
| Attending | 11/19 (57.9) | 9/19 (47.4) | 8/19 (42.1) |
| Resident participation, n (%) | |||
| Bedside handoff | 11 (50.0)† | 17 (85.0) | 15 (93.8) |
| Email written sign-out | 21 (95.5) | 6 (30.0) | 11 (68.8) |
| Bedside checklist use | 0 (0.0) | 14 (70.0) | 12 (75.0) |
| Tele-videoconferencing use | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (62.5) |
| Nursing included in handoff | 3 (13.6) | 12 (60.0) | 12 (75.0) |
| Time needed for handoff | |||
| No additional time | 4 (18.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| 1–30 min extra | 6 (27.3) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (25.0) |
| 30–60 min extra | 2 (9.1) | 10 (50.0) | 5 (31.2) |
| >60 min extra | 0 (0.0) | 6 (30.0) | 4 (25.0) |
| N/A | 10 (45.5) | 4 (20.0) | 3 (18.8) |
*Surveys administered to intensive care unit (ICU) attendings and nurses at the end of each study block while residents were surveyed monthly during study period. Response rates are the number of people who filled out the questionnaires.
†Baseline handoff was performed in person but not at the bedside as compared with intervention handoff which was instructed to be done at bedside.