Geographically concentrated manufacturing: Production concentrated in one or few locations, such that a localised disruptive event (natural or political) risks major disruption to product manufacturing13
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Acute sterile saline shortage after hurricane damage to manufacturing plants, 20177
Risk of medical gloves shortage due to COVID-19 lockdown in Malaysia, the home of ~65% of the global supply36
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Limited numbers of manufacturers: Few manufacturers, such that events affecting a single firm (eg, disruptions or decisions) risks major disruption to product manufacturing17
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Critical shortage of propofol (2009–2010) as two of three suppliers left US market38
Shortages of nine childhood vaccines, 2000–2005, due to problems with the limited numbers of suppliers39
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Scarcity of critical inputs: Resource inputs or parts whose scarcity risks major disruption due to non-substitutability of resources14 or tightly-coupled production arrangements (just-in-time, short-cycle manufacturing)17
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Disruptions in supply of raw or bulk materials responsible for drug shortages33
Lack of meltblown, non-woven polypropylene for the production of surgical masks and N95 respirators41
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