Variable | Overall sample | Patient safety event | P value*† | Voluntary patient safety event | P value*‡ | Automated patient safety event | P value*§ |
n=141 877 | n=19 280 | n=15 048 | n=6459 | ||||
13.6% | 10.6% | 4.6% | |||||
Sex | |||||||
Female | 58.3% | 50.6% | <0.0001 | 51.0% | <0.0001 | 47.7% | <0.0001 |
Age (years) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
18–29 | 9.4% | 4.6% | 5.1% | 2.5% | |||
31–40 | 15.8% | 7.4% | 8.2% | 4.6% | |||
41–50 | 9.2% | 8.0% | 8.0% | 8.1% | |||
51–64 | 23.6% | 24.6% | 23.9% | 27.3% | |||
≥65 | 42.1% | 55.4% | 54.8% | 57.5% | |||
Race/Ethnicity | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
White | 64.3% | 67.5% | 67.7% | 66.3% | |||
Black | 12.7% | 13.1% | 12.7% | 14.1% | |||
Latino | 4.4% | 3.8% | 3.7% | 4.2% | |||
Asian | 5.2% | 3.4% | 3.5% | 3.2% | |||
Other | 13.3% | 12.3% | 12.4% | 12.3% | |||
LEP | 10.1% | 10.1% | 0.97 | 10.1% | 0.87 | 10.6% | 0.14 |
Language | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
English | 89.9% | 89.9% | 89.9% | 89.4% | <0.0001 | ||
Spanish | 2.8% | 3.1% | 2.9% | 3.6% | |||
Chinese | 2.2% | 1.4% | 1.5% | 1.2% | |||
Russian | 1.1% | 1.4% | 1.5% | 1.4% | |||
Cape Verdean | 0.8% | 0.8% | 0.8% | 1.0% | |||
Other | 3.1% | 3.4% | 3.4% | 3.5% | |||
Marital status | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
Married/Life partner | 49.0% | 43.4% | 42.9% | 43.9% | |||
Other | 51.0% | 56.6% | 57.1% | 56.1% | |||
Insurance | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
Other§ | 83.6% | 88.2% | 90.8% | 96.2% | |||
Medicaid¶ | 16.4% | 11.8% | 9.3% | 3.8% | |||
Length of stay | 3 (2 to 6) | 8 (4 to 15) | <0.0001 | 7 (4 to 15) | <0.0001 | 11 (6 to 21) | |
Service | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
Medicine | 45.7% | 58.4% | 56.4% | 64.4% | |||
Surgical | 31.6% | 31.5% | 32.0% | 31.1% | |||
Obstetrics and gynaecology | 18.4% | 6.0% | 7.1% | 1.7% | |||
Neurology | 4.3% | 4.1% | 4.5% | 2.8% | |||
Primary diagnosis | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
Pregnancy related | 16.8% | 5.1% | 6.2% | 0.9% | |||
Circulatory system | 18.6% | 23.5% | 20.6% | 32.3% | |||
Digestive system | 11.0% | 10.9% | 10.1% | 12.2% | |||
Musculoskeletal/Connective tissue | 6.2% | 4.6% | 5.2% | 2.3% | |||
Pulmonary | 4.9% | 5.3% | 5.5% | 4.6% | |||
Injury and poisoning | 11.8% | 15.2% | 15.5% | 14.8% | |||
Haematology-oncology | 11.2% | 11.9% | 12.2% | 11.1% | |||
Other | 19.5% | 23.7% | 24.7% | 21.9% | |||
Clinical risk score** | 0.86 (0.68 to 2.1) | 2.0 (0.85 to 5.9) | <0.0001 | 2.0 (0.84 to 5.9) | <0.0001 | 3.1 (1.1 to 8.9) | |
Year | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
2014 | 5.6% | 5.2% | 5.1% | 5.5% | |||
2015 | 23.2% | 21.9% | 22.1% | 21.1% | |||
2016 | 23.6% | 23.5% | 24.0% | 22.3% | |||
2017 | 23.9% | 24.4% | 23.9% | 25.9% | |||
2018 | 23.7% | 24.9% | 24.9% | 25.3% |
*P values significant at α<0.05.
†Compared with those without a patient safety event, column percent.
‡Compared with those without a voluntary reported patient safety event, column per cent.
§Combined: commercial, Medicare, other.
¶Medicaid or uninsured.
**Risk of death.
††Compared with those without an automatically reported patient safety event, column per cent.
‡‡Based on clinical classification software.
LEP, limited English proficiency.;