GRADE certainty of evidence assessment
| Certainty assessment | ||||||
| No of studies (participants) | Risk of bias* | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Publication bias | Overall quality of evidence |
| 26† (2539) | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | Not detected | Moderate |
*Risk of bias was rated as serious because most studies did not include a preregistered analysis plan. Despite 23 studies scoring ‘not serious’ on all other dimensions of the risk of bias assessment, this resulted in a moderate risk assessment.
†Meta-analysis without Martinez-Franco et al,49 Talebian et al 50 and Thompson et al.51
GRADE, Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation.