Patient characteristics and outcomes for hospital spells included in the study
| Control site, post-intervention (N=2553) | Control site, pre-intervention (N=1262) | Intervention site, post-intervention (N=5753) | Intervention site, pre-intervention (N=6050) | Difference-in-difference OR/mean (95% CI) | |
| Age | |||||
| Missing | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Median (IQR): band midpoints | 82.5 (72.5–87.5) | 82.5 (72.5–87.5) | 82.5 (72.5–87.5) | 82.5 (72.5–87.5) | 0.91 (0.80 to 1.04) |
| Gender | |||||
| Missing | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Female | 1293 (50.7%) | 642 (50.9%) | 2816 (49.0%) | 3084 (51.0%) | 1.07 (0.92 to 1.25) |
| Male | 1260 (49.4%) | 620 (49.1%) | 2937 (51.1%) | 2966 (49.0%) | |
| Ethnicity | |||||
| Missing | 39 (1.5%) | 10 (0.8%) | 9 (0.2%) | 17 (0.3%) | |
| Black or black British | 193/2514 (7.7%) | 106/1252 (8.5%) | 526/5744 (9.2%) | 480/6033 (8.0%) | 1.30 (0.98 to 1.73) |
| Mixed/other ethnic groups/not stated | 227/2514 (9.0%) | 112/1252 (9.0%) | 524/5744 (9.1%) | 486/6033 (8.1%) | 1.47 (1.10 to 1.97) |
| White | 1136/2514 (45.2%) | 544/1252 (43.5%) | 2565/5744 (44.7%) | 3007/6033 (49.8%) | |
| Asian or Asian British | 958/2514 (38.1%) | 490/1252 (39.1%) | 2129/5744 (37.1%) | 2060/6033 (34.2%) | 1.29 (1.09 to 1.53) |
| Index of Multiple Deprivation | |||||
| Missing | 138 (5.4%) | 49 (3.9%) | 775 (13.5%) | 508 (8.4%) | |
| n; median (IQR) | 2415; 25.6 (17.1–33.2) | 1213; 25.85 (17.2–32.4) | 4978; 17.7 (12.3–24.9) | 5542; 16.7 (11.7–23.7) | |
| n; mean (SD) | 2415; 25.6 (10.7) | 1213; 25.8 (10.1) | 4978; 19.3 (10.1) | 5542; 18.4 (9.3) | 1.20 (1.05 to 1.36) |
| Any-cause readmission category | |||||
| No readmission <90 days | 1588 (62.2%) | 774 (61.3%) | 3908 (67.9%) | 3976 (65.7%) | |
| <7 days | 211/965 (21.9%) | 96/488 (19.7%) | 359/1845 (19.5%) | 410/2074 (19.8%) | |
| ≥7–<30 days | 409/965 (42.4%) | 198/488 (40.6%) | 698/1845 (37.8%) | 811/2074 (39.1%) | |
| ≥30–<90 days | 345/965 (35.8%) | 194/488 (40.0%) | 788/1845 (42.7%) | 853/2074 (41.1%) | |
| Mortality | |||||
| Missing | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| In-hospital mortality | 243 (9.5%) | 139 (11.0%) | 550 (9.6%) | 893 (14.8%) | |
| Length of stay | |||||
| Missing | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Median (IQR) days | 7.5 (3.2–15.2) | 8.8 (4.0–17.6) | 6.7 (2.8–12.9) | 7.1 (3.0–14.4) |
Demographic characteristics and unadjusted outcomes for patients discharged following an admission with heart failure. ORs are for difference-in-difference in each characteristic between sites across pre-intervention and post-intervention periods, calculated using logistic regression for gender, ordered logistic regression for age band and multinomial regression for ethnicity.