Patients and operations characteristics
| Characteristics | N=10 974 |
| Male, n (%) | 4822 (43.9) |
| Age, mean (SD) | 56.4 (17.8) |
| Surgical specialty, n (%) | |
| Cardiac | 962 (8.8) |
| Endocrine | 824 (7.5) |
| Digestive | 2576 (23.5) |
| Gynaecological | 2208 (20.1) |
| Orthopaedic | 3023 (27.5) |
| Thoracic | 446 (4.1) |
| Urological | 935 (8.5) |
| Scheduling of the operation (missing n=70), n (%) | |
| Elective | 8844 (81.1) |
| Semi-urgent | 348 (3.2) |
| Urgent | 1712 (15.7) |
| Principal anaesthesia technique (missing n=11), n (%) | |
| General | 8707 (79.4) |
| Regional | 2025 (18.5) |
| Local | 231 (2.1) |
| Initial surgical approach (missing n=75), n (%) | |
| Open | 6818 (62.6) |
| Robot | 492 (4.5) |
| Videoscopic | 2474 (22.7) |
| Endoscopic | 1115 (10.2) |
| ASA physical status classification system, n (%) | |
| 1 | 3067 (27.9) |
| 2 | 5042 (45.9) |
| 3 | 2617 (23.8) |
| 4 | 235 (2.1) |
| 5 | 13 (0.1) |
| Median income in the city of residence in K€* (missing n=30), mean (SD) | 23.0 (3.6) |
| Precarity, n (%) | 938 (8.5) |
| Inpatient surgery (missing n=2), n (%) | 8471 (77.2) |
| Comorbidities†, mean (SD) | 2.4 (2.1) |
| HFRS frailty score of the patient during index stay, mean (SD) | 1.1 (2.5) |
| Major adverse event included in the composite, including major complications potentially attributable to the surgeon (D0–D30 per postoperative procedure), n (%) | 2109 (19.2) |
Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise. Percentages might not total to 100 due to rounding.
*€1.00 (£0.86; US$1.08) as of May 2024.
†In order to take into account the preoperative risk of each operation, we have constructed a risk score based on all the variables presented in the table as well as the following comorbidities: current pregnancy, obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m²), malnourishment, tobacco addiction, alcohol addiction, other addiction, open wound, surgical site infection, sepsis, endocarditis, cancer, neoadjuvant treatment, immune deficiency, coagulopathy, anticoagulant treatment, antiaggregation treatment, blood transfusion, coma, limb paralysis, other neurological disorder, confusion, dementia, depression, cardiovascular disease, neurovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease, cardiac arrhythmia, chronic heart failure, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, pulmonary artery systolic pressure (>60 mm Hg), chronic renal failure, acute renal failure, chronic respiratory failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, liver disease, rheumatic pathology and hypoparathyroidism.
ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; HFRS, Hospital Frailty Risk Score.