Abstract
Context
The ACGME-released revisions to the 2003 duty hour standards.
Objective
To review the impact of the 2003 duty hour reform as it pertains to resident and patient outcomes.
Data Sources
Medline (1989–May 2010), Embase (1989–June 2010), bibliographies, pertinent reviews, and meeting abstracts.
Study Selection
We included studies examining the relationship between the pre- and post-2003 time periods and patient outcomes (mortality, complications, errors), resident education (standardized test scores, clinical experience), and well-being (as measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory). We excluded non-US studies.
Data Extraction
One rater used structured data collection forms to abstract data on study design, quality, and outcomes. We synthesized the literature qualitatively and included a meta-analysis of patient mortality.
Results
Of 5,345 studies identified, 60 met eligibility criteria. Twenty-eight studies included an objective outcome related to patients; 10 assessed standardized resident examination scores; 26 assessed resident operative experience. Eight assessed resident burnout. Meta-analysis of the mortality studies revealed a significant improvement in mortality in the post-2003 time period with a pooled odds ratio (OR) of 0.9 (95% CI: 0.84, 0.95). These results were significant for medical (OR 0.91; 95% CI: 0.85, 0.98) and surgical patients (OR 0.86; 95% CI: 0.75, 0.97). However, significant heterogeneity was present (I2 83%). Patient complications were more nuanced. Some increased in frequency; others decreased. Outcomes for resident operative experience and standardized knowledge tests varied substantially across studies. Resident well-being improved in most studies.
Limitations
Most studies were observational. Not all studies of mortality provided enough information to be included in the meta-analysis. We used unadjusted odds ratios in the meta-analysis; statistical heterogeneity was substantial. Publication bias is possible.
Conclusions
Since 2003, patient mortality appears to have improved, although this could be due to secular trends. Resident well-being appears improved. Change in resident educational experience is less clear.
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Author contributions
Dr. Fletcher had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the analysis.
Study concept and design: Fletcher, Reed, Arora
Acquisition of data: Fletcher, Reed, Arora
Analysis and interpretation of data: Fletcher, Reed, Arora, Jackson
Drafting of the manuscript: Fletcher
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Fletcher, Reed, Arora
Statistical analysis: Fletcher, Reed, Arora, Jackson
Obtained funding: Fletcher, Reed, Arora
Administrative, technical, or material support: Fletcher, Reed, Arora
Study supervision: Fletcher, Reed, Arora
Funding Support
This study was funded by a grant from the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education.
Role of the Sponsor
The funding sources had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; and preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript.
Financial Disclosures
Dr. Fletcher reports receiving funding from the VA HSRD and also from NCI. Dr. Reed reports receiving funding from the ABIM Foundation. Dr. Arora reports receiving grant funding from the ABIM Foundation, the ACP Foundation, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and the National Institutes of Aging. Dr. Fletcher was a reviewer for the Institute of Medicine Report on Resident Duty Hours: Sleep, Supervision and Safety. Dr. Fletcher served voluntarily on the ACGME Committee on Innovation, Learning, and Education. Dr. Arora has provided testimony on duty hours to the Institute of Medicine Committee on Optimizing Graduate Medical Trainee Hours and Work Schedules to Improve Patient Safety and to the ACGME Duty Hours Congress as a representative of the American College of Physicians. Drs. Arora and Reed are members of the Association of Program Directors of Internal Medicine.
Additional Contributions
We wish to thank Jessica Schmidt and Andrea Bruckbauer at the Milwaukee VAMC, Alexis Dye, MS, Sherrie Smaxwill and Mark Oium, MS, at the Medical College of Wisconsin, Katya Papatla at Duke University, Patricia Erwin and Kate Featherstone at the Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, and Meryl Prochaska, BA, and Diane Daviera, BS, at the University of Chicago, and Emily Chiu at the University of Michigan for their excellent research assistance. We also wish to thank Jack Littrell, MS, for his assistance with database creation and management, and DeWitt Baldwin, MD, at the ACGME for his assistance with obtaining funding. We are grateful to Jeffrey Jackson, MD MPH, for conducting the meta-analysis and to Dr. Monica Lypson, MD, for her review of the bibliography. Ms. Bruckbauer was a Milwaukee VAMC employee while this project was underway and was also paid through the ACGME grant. Ms. Schmidt is an employee of the Milwaukee VAMC and was also paid through the ACGME grant. Ms. Papatla was paid through the ACGME grant. Ms. Dye, Mr. Oium, Ms. Smaxwill, and Mr. Littrell are paid employees at the Medical College of Wisconsin and volunteered to help with this project. Ms. Erwin and Featherstone are paid employees of the Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. Ms. Prochaska and Daviera are paid employees of the University of Chicago, and Ms. Chiu was paid by the ACGME grant.
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This work was presented at the 2010 national SGIM meeting and at the 2010 national Society of Hospital Medicine meeting, both times in poster form.
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Fletcher, K.E., Reed, D.A. & Arora, V.M. Patient Safety, Resident Education and Resident Well-Being Following Implementation of the 2003 ACGME Duty Hour Rules. J GEN INTERN MED 26, 907–919 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-011-1657-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-011-1657-1