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Patient Outcomes in Simulation-Based Medical Education: A Systematic Review

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ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES

Evaluating the patient impact of health professions education is a societal priority with many challenges. Researchers would benefit from a summary of topics studied and potential methodological problems. We sought to summarize key information on patient outcomes identified in a comprehensive systematic review of simulation-based instruction.

DATA SOURCES

Systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsychINFO, Scopus, key journals, and bibliographies of previous reviews through May 2011.

STUDY ELIGIBILITY

Original research in any language measuring the direct effects on patients of simulation-based instruction for health professionals, in comparison with no intervention or other instruction.

APPRAISAL and SYNTHESIS

Two reviewers independently abstracted information on learners, topics, study quality including unit of analysis, and validity evidence. We pooled outcomes using random effects.

RESULTS

From 10,903 articles screened, we identified 50 studies reporting patient outcomes for at least 3,221 trainees and 16,742 patients. Clinical topics included airway management (14 studies), gastrointestinal endoscopy (12), and central venous catheter insertion (8). There were 31 studies involving postgraduate physicians and seven studies each involving practicing physicians, nurses, and emergency medicine technicians. Fourteen studies (28 %) used an appropriate unit of analysis. Measurement validity was supported in seven studies reporting content evidence, three reporting internal structure, and three reporting relations with other variables. The pooled Hedges’ g effect size for 33 comparisons with no intervention was 0.47 (95 % confidence interval [CI], 0.31–0.63); and for nine comparisons with non-simulation instruction, it was 0.36 (95 % CI, −0.06 to 0.78).

LIMITATIONS

Focused field in education; high inconsistency (I2 > 50 % in most analyses).

CONCLUSIONS

Simulation-based education was associated with small-moderate patient benefits in comparison with no intervention and non-simulation instruction, although the latter did not reach statistical significance. Unit of analysis errors were common, and validity evidence was infrequently reported.

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Acknowledgements

Contributors

The authors thank Rose Hatala, MD, MSc, Stanley J. Hamstra, Phd, Jason H. Szostek, MD, and Patricia J. Erwin, MLS, for their assistance in the literature search and initial data acquisition

Funders

This work was supported by intramural funds, including an award from the Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic. The funding sources for this study played no role in the design and conduct of the study; in the collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; or in the preparation of the manuscript. The funding sources did not review the manuscript.

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No relevant conflicts of interest.

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Correspondence to David A. Cook MD, MHPE.

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Author Contributions

Dr. Cook had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Study concept and design: Cook, Zendejas

Acquisition of data: Brydges, Cook, Wang, Zendejas

Analysis and interpretation of data: Cook

Drafting of the manuscript: Cook

Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Brydges, Cook, Wang, Zendejas

Statistical analysis: Cook

Obtained funding: Cook

Administrative, technical or material support: Cook

Study supervision: Cook

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Zendejas, B., Brydges, R., Wang, A.T. et al. Patient Outcomes in Simulation-Based Medical Education: A Systematic Review. J GEN INTERN MED 28, 1078–1089 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-012-2264-5

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