A systematic survey instrument translation process for multi-country, comparative health workforce studies
Section snippets
Background
Only a few researchers have attempted to translate the administrative and role-based hierarchies found in organizations that comprise health systems or organizations (Choi et al., 2009, Gibson et al., 2003, Hyrkäs et al., 2003). When it comes to the language of health and health services delivery, subtle differences in the conceptual meaning of words can often create completely different survey question structures and alter language use (Mason, 2005, Peña, 2007, Ramirez et al., 2006, Temple,
Methods
The countries and languages participating in RN4CAST include Belgium (Dutch, French, and German), England (British English), Germany (German), Finland (Finnish), Greece (Greek), Ireland (Irish-English), the Netherlands (Dutch), Norway (Norwegian), Poland (Polish), Spain (Spanish), Sweden (Swedish), and Switzerland (Swiss French, Swiss German, Swiss Italian). The overall methodology included the finalization of a core battery of instruments, forward/backward translation, and three levels of
Results
A total of 117 nurses out of 131 invitees (89%) served as raters for the evaluation process. With one exception (Germany with only five raters participating), each country had a minimum of 7 raters and a maximum of 11. Complete scale-level results of the CVI with chance correction evaluation processes are found in Table 3. The US S-CVI score was .70, which established the baseline criteria for comparisons with other countries. For all other countries, the initial S-CVI country average ranged
Discussion
Overall, the pre-data collection approach developed for the RN4CAST study appears to be able to identify where problems with the survey might occur and if the problem is specifically related to relevance or translation. Important for this study, it helped to assess if questions were relevant to nursing practice in the country before data collection.
The findings produced many salient points for discussion. To begin, the significant differences between the initial S-CVI and TS-CVI scores
Conclusion
The instrument verification method based on the CVI-with-chance-correction grounded approach provided valuable insights into the overall relevance of the instrument in different contexts and a quantifiable measurement of those features. It resolved several methodological issues that emerged in the literature related to quantifying the different aspects of translation and improving the speed at which translation validation methods could occur. For the RN4CAST research team, it offered a way to
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank all members of RN4CAST country teams for their contributions to the study.
Conflict of interest statement
None declared.
Funding
This research is funded by the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 under grant agreement no. 223468 (W. Sermeus, PI) and the National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health (P30NR05043 L. Aiken, PI). The Norwegian Nurses Association funded the Norwegian part of this study. The Swedish Association
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