Review ArticleSystematic review of the Hawthorne effect: New concepts are needed to study research participation effects☆
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open access
Keywords
Hawthorne effect
Reactivity
Observation
Research methods
Research participation
Assessment
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Ethics statement: Ethical approval was not required for this study.
Competing interests: No authors have any competing interests.
Authors' contributions: J.M. had the idea for the study, led on study design, data collection, and data analyses, and wrote the first draft of the report. J.W. assisted with data collection and analyses. All three authors participated in discussions about the design of this study, contributed to revisions of the report, and approved the submission of the final report.
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This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Copyright © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.