Elsevier

Resuscitation

Volume 61, Issue 3, June 2004, Pages 257-263
Resuscitation

Evaluation of a Medical Emergency Team one year after implementation

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2004.01.021Get rights and content

Abstract

Aim: To evaluate the activity and impact of a Medical Emergency Team (MET) one year after implementation. Setting and population: A 700-bed District General Hospital (DGH) in Southeast England with approximately 53,500 adult admissions per annum. The population studied included all adult admissions receiving intervention by the MET during a 12-month period between 1 October 2000 and 30 September 2001. Methods: Analysis of the activation of the MET using both prospective and retrospectively acquired data. Routinely collected hospital data for admissions, discharges and deaths was used to compare outcomes for the 12 months before and after the introduction of the MET. Results: There were 136 activations of MET over 1-year. Six cases were excluded. Mean age of patients was 73 years (range 20–97 years). 40% (52/130) survived to discharge following MET intervention. Of those who died 22% (28/130) were designated ‘not for resuscitation’. Patients that died were more likely to have three or more physiological abnormalities present (odds ratio, OR 6.2, Chi-square (χ2) P=0.004) and had higher MET scores (P=0.004). Commonest interventions by the MET were initiation or increase of oxygen therapy or ventilatory support (80%), with or without the administration of intravenous fluids or medications. In 10% of cases, oxygen therapy was the sole intervention. One year after implementation of the MET a reduction in cardiac arrest rate and overall mortality was noted but this was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Often only simple interventions are only required to reverse deterioration. Initiating ‘do not attempt resuscitation’ (DNAR) decisions is a key part of MET activity. Multiple physiological abnormalities are associated with increased mortality and therefore wider and earlier application of the MET to the hospital population may save lives or expedite DNAR decisions. New systems need time to develop (“bed in”) and further research is needed to observe significant reductions in cardiac arrests and overall mortality.

Sumàrio

Objectivo: Avaliar a actividade e impacto da Equipe Médica de Emergência (MET) após um ano de implementação. População e local: Hospital Geral Distrital (DGH) do Sudoeste de Inglaterra, com 700 camas e cerca de 53.500 internamentos de adultos por ano. A população estudada incluiu todos os adultos internados durante um perı́odo de 12 meses, de 1 de Outubro de 2000 a 30 de Setembro de 2001, que foram alvo de intervenção pela MET. Métodos: Análise da activação da MET utilizando dados recolhidos retrospectiva e prospectivamente. Utilizaram-se dados obtidos por rotina na admissão, alta e falecimento comparando resultados nos 12 meses antes e depois da introdução da MET. Resultados: No perı́odo de 1 ano houve 136 activações da MET. Foram excluı́dos 6 casos. A idade média dos doentes foi de 73 anos (intervalo de 20–97 anos). Quarenta por cento (52/130) sobreviveram até alta após intervenção pela MET. Vinte e dois por cento (28/130) dos que morreram foram assumidos como “decisão de não reanimar”. Nos doentes que morreram era maior probabilidade de ter 3 ou mais anomalias fisiológicas (odds ratio, OR 6,2, Chi-quadrado (χ2) P=0,004) e maiores scores MET (P=0,004). As intervenções mais comuns da MET foram iniciar ou aumentar a oxigenoterapia ou suporte ventilatório (80%), com ou sem administração de fluidos intravenosos ou medicação. Em 10% dos casos a única intervenção foi oxigenoterapia. Um ano após a implementação da MET observou-se redução da taxa de paragem cardı́aca e da mortalidade global, sem significado estatı́stico. Conclusão: Com frequência são necessárias apenas intervenções simples para reverter a deterioração. A instituição de “decisão de não reanimar” (DNR) é um aspecto chave da actividade da MET. Anormalidades fisiológicas múltiplas estão associadas a maior mortalidade e, portanto, a aplicação mais precoce e mais alargada da MET à população hospitalar pode salvar vidas ou assumir de forma expedita uma DNR. É necessário tempo para desenvolver de novos sistemas e é necessária mais investigação para observar reduções significativas nas paragens cardı́acas e na mortalidade global.

Resumen

Objetivo: Evaluar la actividad e impacto de un equipo de emergencias medicas (MET) un año después de su implementación. Ambiente y población: Un hospital general de 700 camas en un distrito en el Sureste de Inglaterra, con aproximadamente 53500 admisiones de adultos por año. La población estudiada incluyó a todas las admisiones de adultos que recibieron intervenciones por el MET durante un perı́odo de 12 meses entre Octubre 1 del año 2000 y Septiembre 30 del 2001. Métodos: Análisis de la activación del MET usando datos adquiridos retrospectivamente y prospectivamente. Se usaron los datos recogidos rutinariamente durante la admisión, altas y muertes para comparar resultados en los 12 meses antes y después de la introducción del MET. Resultados: En un año se activó el MET 136 veces. Se excluyeron 6 casos. La edad media de los pacientes fue de 73 años (rango de 20–97 años). 40% (52/130) sobrevivieron al alta después de la intervención del MET. De aquellos que murieron 22% (28/130) estaban designados ’no para resucitación’. Los pacientes que murieron tenı́an mas probabilidad de tener presentes tres o mas anormalidades fisiológicas (odds ratio, OR 6.2, Chi cuadrado(χ2) P=0.004) y tenı́an puntajes de MET mas altos (P=0.004). Las intervenciones mas comunes por el MET fueron la iniciación o aumento de oxigenoterapia o apoyo ventilatorio (80%), con o sin administración de fluidos intravenosos o medicaciones. En el 10% de los casos, la oxigeno terapia fue la única intervención. Un año después de la implementación de el MET se notó una disminución en la tasa de paros cardı́acos y en la mortalidad general, pero esta no fue estadı́sticamente significativa. Conclusión: Frecuentemente bastan intervenciones muy simples para revertir el deterioro. El iniciar las decisiones de no intentar reanimación (DNAR) es una parte clave de la actividad de MET. Las múltiples anormalidades fisiológicas están asociadas con mortalidad aumentada y por lo tanto aplicación mas amplia y precoz del MET a la población del hospital puede salvar vidas o hacer mas expedita las decisiones de DNAR. Los nuevos sistemas necesitan tiempo para desarrollarse (‘camas adentro’) y se necesita ulterior investigación para observar reducciones significativas en los paros cardı́acos y en la mortalidad general.

Introduction

Adverse events in hospital [1], [2], [3] resulting in avoidable critical deterioration and cardiac arrest carry a heavy human and financial burden [4], [5] and have provided the rationale for developing acute response teams [6], [7], [8], [9], [10]. Within the United Kingdom, acute response teams fall broadly into Medical Emergency Teams (MET) or outreach teams. Both have UK Department of Health (DoH) support as part of a strategy to improve the management of critically ill patients [11], [12], [13], [14]. To date little published work is available evaluating the role and impact of a MET.

This paper reports findings from research evaluating a unique MET system [7] following its introduction to a District General Hospital (DGH) in the southeast of England. The main reasons for MET activation, interventions required and impact on survival post-MET intervention are discussed.

Section snippets

Setting and population

A 700-bed DGH (six intensive care unit, five high dependency unit, and four coronary care units beds) with a catchment population of 365,000 and approximately 53,500 adult admissions per annum. The study population included all adult admissions receiving intervention from the MET during a 12-month period between 1 October 2000 to 30 September 2001.

Data collection

Activation of the MET were identified from the hospital’s switchboard log and cross-referenced with a prospective record of activations maintained by

Inclusions

One hundred and thirty-six MET activations were identified over the study period and 130 patients were included in the preliminary analysis.

Exclusions

The six exclusions included two calls made in error, and three patients who were in cardiac arrest when the call was made (the cardiac arrest team should have been summoned); one case was lost to follow-up.

Demographics

The mean age of the patients was 73 years (median 76 years, range 20–97 years), and 44% (57/130) of the patients were male.

Distribution of calls

Fig. 1 outlines the

Discussion

The distribution of MET calls at the project site was similar to other studies with medical patients receiving the majority of MET calls [10], [20], [21]. However, the average age of patients was significantly higher than noted elsewhere, and the potential impact of age is discussed further.

Conclusion

As a result of our experience, a number of suggestions are made to improve the introduction and uptake of an MET system (Table 5). Medical Emergency Teams may not be the panacea for all system failures within a busy DGH, but rather should form part of a wider strategy that aims to reduce unexpected critical deterioration, raise clinical awareness and improve the quality of care delivered. Continued training after implementation of the MET is essential to ensure staff remain vigilant and aware

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