Footnotes

• Contributors K-HY conceptualised and drafted the manuscript. ISK revised the manuscript and supervised the work.

• Funding This study was funded by Harvard University (Harvard Data Science Fellowship) and the National Institutes of Health (Grant Number: OT3OD025466).

• Competing interests Harvard Medical School submitted a provisional patent application on digital pathology profiling to the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO).

• Patient consent Not required.

• Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.